不同施肥措施对夏玉米产量和土壤硝态氮淋失的影响

摘要

为筛选夏玉米生产上科学合理的施肥方式，以郑单958为试验材料，在偏沙型和偏粘型2种土体质地构型上研究了等氮量的不同施肥措施（习惯施肥、玉米专用肥、100％缓控释肥、30％尿素＋70％缓控释肥）对夏玉米产量、土壤硝态氮淋失和氮肥利用率的影响。结果表明：与习惯施肥相比，30％尿素＋70％缓控释肥处理单季玉米增产9．36％，习惯施肥措施不仅会造成根层土壤剖面中硝态氮的累积，还会进一步引起硝态氮向深层地下水的淋失；2种土体质地构型下，30％尿素＋70％缓控释肥处理的氮肥利用率分别较习惯施肥提高了35．65％和23．02％。用尿素代替30％缓控释肥（30％尿素＋70％缓控释肥）的新型施肥措施，既能保证夏玉米苗期速效氮素的供应，又能明显降低硝态氮在土壤中的累积。%Using maize variety Zhengdan 958 as the material, the effects of different equal nitrogen amount fertilization measures on the maize yield, soil nitrate leaching and nitrogen use efficiency on two types of soil texture were studied. The results showed that compared with the traditional fertilization, the treatment of 30% urea and 70% controlled-release urea could increase the maize yield by 9.36%. The traditional fertilization could not only cause the accumulation of soil nitrate nitrogen in root layer, but also cause the nitrate nitrogen leaching to groundwater. Compared with traditional fertilization, the nitrogen use efficiency of 30% urea and 70% controlledrelease urea were increased by 35.65% and 23.02% on two types of soil texture, respectively. Using urea instead of controlled-release urea could ensure the available nitrogen supply in seedling stage, and significantly reduce the nitrate accumulation in soil.