A case study of Jiangsu Province was conducted using questionnaires and field survey to explore status quo of the collection and utilization of rice and wheat straw of the province. Problems in collecting the straw were analyzed, taking into account meteorological data of the rice and wheat harvesting seasons in the region. Results show ( 1) currently the ma⁃jor straw utilization method is to incorporate straw direct into the field. In the two townships ( A and B) investigated in the study, only 22�01% and 28�75%, separately, of the farmer households interviewed had followed the practice and both of the two townships had a considerable portion of the straw wasted or improperly disposed. In Townshisp B over 50% of the farmer households surveyed failed to make use of any of the straw and as high as over 55% of the straw was discarded or burnt. (2) During the rice and wheat harvesting seasons, precipitation varies in the range of 7�21-87�28 mm and in every 10 days, there were 1�53-5�00 rainy days. Such weather not only affects timely harvesting of rice and wheat, but also se⁃riously impedes baling, transportation, and storage of straw. ( 3) As the crops must be harvested in a relatively short and concentrated time period, large volumes of straw are turned out within a few days. Moreover, harvesting of the first crop of⁃ten coincides with sowing, leaving little time available for straw collection. (4) Straw collection is very low in economic benefit. A farmer can only get 60-90 RMB per day from straw collection and transportation, much lower than what they can get by working as migrant workers in city. ( 5) Machines designed for straw collection are rare and those now used in the operation are low in efficiency and need to be improved technically, which directly affects straw collection efficiency. The above⁃listed findings indicate that time shortage, negative weather condition, low benefit and low mechanization level are the major factors affecting straw collection. To solve the problems, the following proposals are brought forth, that is, im⁃proving the economic benefit of straw collection as a driving force, accelerating development of rice and wheat sheaf⁃binding reaping machine, and setting up long⁃term operational mechanism for straw recovery, in the hope that this study may pro⁃vide some useful ideas to help solve the problems.%以江苏省稻麦秸秆收集为例，采用问卷调查与实地调研相结合的方法，调查了稻麦秸秆收集利用现状；结合当地稻麦收获期间的气象资料，分析了稻麦秸秆收集面临的困难。结果显示：（1）目前稻麦秸秆的主要利用方式是直接还田，供调研2个乡（镇）秸秆还田农户分别占调研户数的22�01％和28�75％；2个乡（镇）均有部分稻麦秸秆没有得到有效处理，乡（镇） B 50％以上的农户稻麦秸秆未被利用，被遗弃和焚烧的比例高达55％以上；（2）稻麦收获季节旬降水量为7�21～87�28 mm，旬降水时间为1�53～5�00 d，降水天气不仅影响稻麦的适时收获，更严重影响着秸秆的收集打捆、运输与贮存；（3）稻麦收获时间相对集中，大量秸秆短时间内产生，收种时间几乎完全重叠，可供秸秆收集的时间极短；（4）秸秆收集效益低，农户收集运输的收益约为60～90元· d－1，低于外出务工收入，难以吸引社会资本投入到秸秆收贮产业；（5）秸秆收集打捆装备缺乏，现有收集装备及技术亟需改进和完善，秸秆收集机械化水平低，直接影响到收集效率。因此，可收集时间短、受天气影响大、收集效益低、收集机械化水平低是当前阻碍稻麦秸秆收集的主要问题，应提升秸秆收集效益驱动力，加快稻麦收割打捆机研发，建立秸秆收集长效运行机制，以解决秸秆收集难题。
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