矿产资源开发中矿山地质环境问题响应差异性研究——以陕西潼关、大柳塔及辽宁阜新矿区为例

摘要

以陕西潼关、大柳塔及辽宁阜新矿区为例,采用对比分析的方法研究矿产资源开发中矿山地质环境问题差异性响应的主要因素.上述3个矿区矿产资源开发中矿山地质环境问题主要包括:20世纪90年代以前,陕西潼关金矿区是中国矿产资源开发秩序十分混乱的矿区之一,地下开采的采矿废石随意堆排导致了极为严重的矿山泥石流地质灾害及其隐患,"三废"无序排放导致土壤、河水及其底泥的重金属及氰化物污染严重,严重影响人体健康;地处生态环境脆弱带的陕西大柳塔煤矿区,20年大型机械化地下煤炭资源开采导致大面积地面塌陷及其链生的地下水含水层破坏严重,但矿区土地沙漠化程度总体没有呈现加重的趋势,水土环境重金属呈轻度污染;具有百年开发历史的辽宁阜新煤矿区,露天开采使土地生态破坏严重、边坡滑坡灾害频发、土地压占与破坏突出,地下开采引起的地面塌陷对地表建筑物及人居安全影响严重,但相对于金属矿区,该矿区水土环境重金属污染相对轻得多.对比上述3个矿区矿山地质环境问题,得到其差异性响应主要因素:矿产资源种类、原生地质环境条件、开采方式及矿山环境保护意识等.%Taking the mining area in Tongguan and Daliuta of Shaanxi and Fuxin of Liaoning as an example, the difference of mine geo-environmental problem response to mineral resource exploration and its main factors were discussed by the means of the comparative analysis. The main geo-environmental problems caused by mineral resource exploration in the above three mining areas included as follow: before the 1990s, the mineral resource exploration in Tongguan gold mining area of Shaanxi was very confused, a large amount of waste mining rock lead to severe debris flow and risk, the “three wastes" (i. e. waste gas, waste water and waste residues) discharged disorderly and caused serious heavy metal and cyanide pollutions for soil, river and its sediment, and seriously influenced the human health; Daliuta coal mining area of Shaanxi located at fragile eco-environment zone, twentyyear underground coal mining with heavy machinery caused serious surface collapse and aquifer destroy, but land desertification in the mining area reduced in trend, heavy metal pollutions of soil and water environments were light;for Fuxin coal mining area with one-hundred-year history, surface mining caused frequent landslides, serious land destroy and destruction, land collapse caused by underground exploration had a significant influence on the safety of human life and property, but heavy metal pollutions of soil and water environments were relatively light comparing with metal mining area. Compared with the mine geo-environmental problem of the above three mining areas, the main factors of the difference were mineral resource types, mine geo-environmental condition, exploration methods and environment protection conception.