中西哲学史上主要荣辱观比较

摘要

Chinese ancient thinkers paid particular attention to the social and cultural function of the concept of honor and disgrace while western philosophers were skillful in the scientific and philosophical analysis of the concept of honor and disgrace. This paper tries to commentate and analyze various concepts of honor and disgrace, such as the concept of honor and disgrace from Chinese ritual culture and tradition, Confucius, Mencius, Guanzi, Xunzi, as well as from western philosophers such as Aristotle, Kant, Friedrich Paulsen, William James, John Rawls, etc. By contrast, the Chinese thinkers were good at making use of the concept of honor and disgrace to manage the society while the western philosophers preferred the analysis for the nature of honor and disgrace itself. Actually, the concept of honor and dis- grace is one of key elements for the social stability and the progression of civilization. It is necessary to absorb the existing research achievements on the theory of honor and disgrace through comparative reflection, and to construct a culture of honor and disgrace which will accord with contemporary trend.%有选择性地勾勒了中西思想史上若干典型的荣辱观，并对其社会历史意义加以评析。认为中国古代思想家重视荣辱文化的探讨，西方哲人则长于荣辱的科学和哲学分析。从中国思想史看，礼乐文化心理结构蕴藏着知耻的文化种子；《管子》开创了政治文明层次的荣辱机制思考；孔子发掘和复兴了耻辱感的文化建构方向；孟子通过道德心理学思考，完善了孔子荣辱观的内在化环节；苟子对中国知耻的社会心理和伦理文化作出了理性论证。西方对荣辱本质的认识经历了许多环节：亚里士多德讨论了有德行的人和正义的制度对于荣辱的关系；康德从哲学的高度论证了自我和尊严的价值，完善了荣辱本质认识的基本环节；包尔生界定了客观荣誉，分析了荣辱的道德意义；詹姆斯对自我的结构进行了分析，并从社会自我概念上明确了荣辱依托的核心是社会自我；罗尔斯继承康德的精神，又克服了康德的形式主义和功利主义的局限性，将有关荣辱的道德心理学、伦理学和公平正义的制度原理统一起来。比较而言，中国长于利用荣辱机制治理社会，西方透过荣辱看清了荣辱的本质在于自我尊严，推动了近代社会的转型和文明进步。站在历史的高度，占有中西荣辱问题研究的成果，通过比较思考，建构自我尊严和荣辱文化统一互补的理论甚为必要。