欧美职业体育组织经济行为比较研究

摘要

不同形式的职业体育组织，在赛事的设计、组织、监管、调控和功能上不尽相同。采用瓦尔拉斯均衡和非合作博弈均衡模型对以北美封闭式职业体育组织和以欧洲五大职业足球联赛为代表的开放式职业体育组织的经济行为进行比较。结果得出：封闭式职业体育组织实行球队硬预算约束，投资主体的现金流出量受电视转播权出售、球票和特许商品销售等业务经营所得现金流的严格制约，而开放式职业体育组织实行球队软预算约束；封闭式职业体育组织采取垄断管控，并被适用于美国其他行业的诸多法律法规所赦免，各球队将利润最大化作为目标函数；处于竞争无管控状态下的开放式职业体育组织则面临着更多的竞争压力，球队为了争取升级，将赢球最多化作为目标函数。%Different forms of professional sports organizations exhibit variation in the design,organization, supervision,regulation and function of the sports events.The economic behavior of the closed profession-al sports organizations in North America and the open professional sports organizations of the five major professional football leagues in Europe are analuzed bu using Walrasian equilibrium and non-cooperative game equilibrium model.The results show that the closed professional sports organizations implement hard budget constraints on sports teams and the investment cash outflow is strictlu restricted bu television rights sales,tickets and merchandise sales and other business income from operating cash flow,while open professional sports organizations implement soft budget constraints on the teams.Closed professional sports organizations take monopolu control and exempt from the bulk of legislation,and the teams take profit maximization as the objective function;the open professional sports organization without formal control is facing more pressure from the competitions,where the teams take winning most games as the obj ective function so as to strive for the upgrade.