Antibiotics are commonly used in Pediatric Intensive Care Unit.Diarrhea is clearly one of the most common side effects encountered with antibiotic therapy.Most cases of antibiotic-associated diarrhea can be classified in two categories:cases in which Clostridium difficile is implicated and cases in which no putative agent or recognized pathophysiological mechanism is clearly established.In most cases of antibiotic-associated diarrhea in which Clostridium difficile is not detected,no etiologic agent is identified,and diarrhea is usually mild and self-resolving.As the cause of approximately 25％ of all cases of antibiotic-associated diarrhea,Clostridium difficile is responsible for almost all cases of pseudomembranous colitis and many instances of severe antibioticassociated diarrhea.For that reason,the term antibiotic-associated diarrhea is often considered synonymous with Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea.Through a comprehensive review of current medical literature,this article provides an update on pathogenesis,diagnostics as well as therapeutic and prevention strategies,which may be helpful in clinical prctice.%抗生素是PICU常用药物.腹泻是抗生素治疗最常见的不良反应.大多数情况下,抗生素相关性腹泻可分为两类:艰难梭菌相关性腹泻、原因不明的腹泻.一般来说,检测不出的艰难梭菌的抗生素相关性腹泻,通常病情轻微且自限.虽然仅约25％抗生素相关性腹泻由艰难梭菌引起,但目前来看,假膜性肠炎、重症抗生素相关性腹泻多与艰难梭菌有关.由于这个原因,抗生素相关腹泻目前通常被视为艰难梭菌相关性腹泻的同义词.通过对现有的医学文献的历史性回顾,该文对抗生素相关腹泻发病机制、诊断以及防治策略进展进行阐述,供临床医师参考.
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