磷系阻燃剂中次磷酸盐的应用研究进展

摘要

磷系阻燃剂作为一种高效、低烟、无毒、低卤(无卤)阻燃剂备受研究者关注,在合成和应用等方面取得了显著成就.对磷系阻燃剂中含磷量较高的次磷酸盐(次磷酸铝、次磷酸钙、次磷酸镁、稀土金属次磷酸盐)的理化性质、生产方法和应用进展进行了综述,并对次磷酸盐在阻燃剂方面的应用进行了展望.其中,次磷酸铝被广泛应用于工程塑料聚酯以及聚酰胺材料中,具有良好的效果;次磷酸钙含磷量高、热稳定性强,作为一种新型阻燃剂其应用将不断地被拓展;稀土金属次磷酸盐可作为协效剂和抑烟剂应用于阻燃领域,较低加入量的稀土金属次磷酸盐即可大幅度提高复合材料的阻燃性能,但其供应量有限;与次磷酸铝相比,次磷酸镁阻燃性能较差,但是次磷酸镁的加入提升了材料的弯曲强度和冲击强度.目前的研究表明,次磷酸镁的阻燃效果不是很理想,但是中国有着丰富的镁资源,合成次磷酸镁的原料相对简单易得,且橡胶、塑料、胶黏剂等高分子材料的广泛应用使得阻燃剂的需求量不断加大,所以次磷酸镁作为阻燃剂的应用将会不断地被拓展.%As a kind of high efficient,low smoke,non-toxic and (low) non-halogen flame retardant,phosphorus flame retardant has attracted many attentions of the researchers.Remarkable achievements on synthesis and application have been made.The physical and chemical properties,production methods and applications of hypophosphite (such as aluminium hypophosphite,calcium hypophosphite,magnesium hypophosphite,and rare earth metal hypophosphite) with a high content of phosphorus as the phosphorus flame retardant were briefly summarized.Application of hypophosphite in the aspect of flame retardant was prospected.The effect of aluminium hypophosphite used in engineering plastics and polyester material was good.Calcium hypophosphite with high phosphorus content and strong thermal stability has been widely used as a new type of flame retardant,and its application will be extended continuously.The rare earth metal hypophosphite could be applied as synergistic agent and smoke suppressant,and the flame retardance could be improved by lower adding contents of rare earth metal hypophosphite,but the hypophosphite's supply was limited.Compared with aluminium hypophosphite,magnesium hypophosphite had less flame retardance,but the addition of magnesium hypophosphite improved the flexural strength and impact strength of the material.Current studies showed that the flame retardant effect of magnesium hypophosphite was not ideal.But the resources of magnesium were abundant in China and the raw materials for synthesis of magnesium hypophosphite were easy to get.The wide use of rubber,plastics,adhesives,and other polymer materials made flame retardant demand continue to increase,so the magnesium hypophosphite used as flame retardant will continue to be expanded.