School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering Lanzhou Jiaotong University Lanzhou 730070 ChinaDepartment of Environmental Science and Engineering Tsinghua University Beijing 100084 China;
Department of Environmental Science and Engineering Tsinghua University Beijing 100084 China;
School of Civil Engineering and Architecture Beijing Jiaotong University Beijing 100044 China;
Department of Environmental Science and Engineering Tsinghua University Beijing 100084 China;
nanofiltration(NF); rejection rate; co-existing ion; co-ion; counter-ion;