摘要：This work aims to identify the main factors influencing the energy-related carbon dioxide （CO2） emissions from the iron and steel industry in China during the period of 1995-2007. The logarithmic mean divisia index （LMDI） technique was applied with period-wise analysis and time-series analysis. Changes in energy- related CO2 emissions were decomposed into four factors： emission factor effect, energy structure effect, energy consumption effect, and the steel production effect. The results show that steel production is the major factor responsible for the rise in CO2 emissions during the sampling period; on the other hand the energy consump- tion is the largest contributor to the decrease in C02 emissions. To a lesser extent, the emission factor and energy structure effects have both negative and positive contributions to C02 emissions, respectively. Policy implications are provided regarding the reduction of C02 emissions from the iron and steel industry in China, such as controlling the overgrowth of steel production, improving energy-saving technologies, and introducing low-carbon energy sources into the iron and steel industry.
摘要：Gaseous NO was photocatalytically reduced at room temperature by photo-assisted selective catalytic reduction （photo-SCR） with ammonia over TiO2 in this study. NO reduction efficiency and N2 selectivity were determined from gases composition at the outlet stream of photoreactor. Effect of operating conditions, e.g. light intensity and inlet concentrations of ammonia and oxygen, on the NO reduction efficiency and N2 selectivity were discussed to determine the feasible operating condition for photocatalytic reduction of NO. Experimental results showed that selective catalytic reduction of NO with ammonia over TiO2 in the presence of oxygen was a spontaneous reaction in dark. The photoirradiation on the TiO2 surface caused remarkable photocatalytic reduction of NO to form N2, NO2, and N20 under 254 nm UV illuminations, while almost 90% of N2 selectivity was achieved in this study. The ammonia and oxygen molecules played the roles of reductant and oxidant for NO reduction and active sites regeneration, respectively. The reduction of NO was found to be increased with the increase of inlet ammonia and oxygen concentrations until specific concentrations because of the limited active sites on the surface of TiO2. The kinetic model proposed in this study can be used to reasonably describe the reaction mechanism of photo-SCR.
摘要：In this paper, the effect of pH on biological degradation of Microcystis aeruginosa by alga-lysing bacteria in laboratory-scale sequencing batch biofilm reactors （SBBRs） was investigated. After 10 d filming with waste activated sludge, the biological film could be formed, and the bioreactors in which laid polyolefin resin filler were used to treat algal culture. By comparing the removal efficiency of chlorophyll a at different aerobic time, the optimum time was determined as 5 h. Under pH 6.5, 7.5, and 8.5 conditions, the removal rates of Microcystis aeruginosa were respectively 75.9%, 83.6%, and 78.3% （in term of chlorophyll a）, and that of Chemical Oxygen Demand （CODMn） were 30.6%, 35.8%, and 33.5%. While the removal efficiencies of ammonia nitrogen （NH＋ -N） were all 100%. It was observed that the sequence of the removal efficiencies of algae, NH＋ -N and organic matter were pH 7.5 〉 pH 8.5 〉 pH 6.5. The results showed that the dominant alga-lysing bacteria in the SBBRs was strain HM-01, which was identified as Bacillus sp. by Polymerase Chain Reaction （PCR） amplification of the 16S rRNA gene, Basic Local Alignment Search Tool （BLAST） analysis, and compar- ison with sequences in the GenBank nucleotide database. The algicidal activated substance which HM-01 strain excreted could withstand high temperature and pressure, also had better hydrophily and stronger polarity.
摘要：A bacterium capable of degrading dichlorvos was isolated from the rape phyllosphere and designated YD4. The strain was identified as Flavobacterium sp., based on its phenotypic features and 16S rRNA gene sequence. Strain YD4 was able to utilize dichlorvos as the sole source of phosphorus. In situ enhanced bioremedia- tion of dichlorvos by YD4 was hereafter studied. Chlorpyrifos and phoxim could also be degraded by this strain as the sole phosphorus source. A higher degradation rate of dichlorvos was observed after spraying YD4 onto the surface of rape leaves when compared to the sterilized- YD4 and water-treated samples. The results indicated that pesticide-degrading epiphytic bacterium could become a new way for in situ phyllosphere bioremediation where the hostile niche is unsuitable for other pesticide-degrading bacteria isolated from soil and water.
摘要：A series of CeO2 supported V205 catalysts with various loadings were prepared with different calcination temperatures by the incipient impregnation. The catalysts were evaluated for low temperature selective catalytic reduction （SCR） of NO with ammonia （NH3）. The effects of 02 and SO2 on catalytic activity were also studied. The catalysts were characterized by specific surface areas （SBET） and X-ray diffraction （XRD） methods. The experimental results showed that NO conversion changed significantly with the different V205 loading and calcination temperature. With the V205 loading increasing from 0 to 10wt%, NO conversion increased significantly, but decreased at higher loading. The optimum calcination temperature was 400℃. The best catalyst yielded above 80% NO conversion in the reaction temperature range of 160℃-300℃. The formation of CeVO4 on the surface of catalysts caused the decrease of redox ability.
摘要：Soil low-molecular-weight （LMW） organic acids play important roles in the soil-forming process and the cycling of nutrients in Karst regions. In this study, we quantified the contents of LMW organic acids （including lactate, acetate, formate, malate, and oxalate） in soil solution over the Karst region of Guizhou Province, China using ion chromatography. The concentration of total LMW organic acids in topsoil solution ranged from 0.358 to 1.823pmol＇g-1, with an average of 0.912p.mol.gL The mean concentrations of lactate, acetate, formate, malate, and oxalate were 0.2124-0.089, 0.3024-0.228, 0.301-4-0.214, 0.014zk0.018 and 0.086＋0.118 pmol.g-% respectively. There were also significant difference in the contents of these acids among four phases of rocky desertification, and their concentrations decreased with the aggravation of rocky desertification. The concentrations of the LMW organic acids were significantly positive correlated each other. Significant positive correlations were also observed among individual LMW organic acids in soil solution, and between them and soil available P, available K, exchange- able Ca, respectively. Furthermore, the concentrations of LMW organic acids were significantly positively corre- lated with inorganic anions （chlorides, nitrates, and sulfates） in Karst topsoil solution. Therefore, the concen- trations of soil LMW organic acids might be one of driving force in the Karst rock desertification process in Guizhou Province.
摘要：The research aimed to evaluate present and potential phosphorous pollution due to high sedimentary phosphorus load and release from sediment, when external phosphorus was reduced in downstream Nansi Lake. Pollution load of the sediment and overlying water was investigated. Kinetics and isotherms of adsorption/release of sedimentary phosphorus were studied to determine equilibrium phosphate concentration （EPCo） and release potential. Kinetics of phosphorus adsorption on sediment and release from sediment were well described by both the pseudo-first-order rate equation and the pseudo-second- order rate equation, but more appropriate to the pseudo- second-order rate equation with the adsorption/release capacity more close to the measured values, suggesting that the processes were chemically rate controlled and dependent on adsorption capacity. Soluble reactive phosphorus （SRP） sorption isotherms on sediment were best fitted by the modified Langmuir model indicating a monolayer adsorption. By comparing EPC0 and SRP of water, the status （adsorption, releasing or in equilibrium） of sediment phosphorus could be determined. The sediments at site S l, S3, S4, S5, and S7 where the EPC0s were greater than the SRPs, had a potential to release phosphorus into the water column. However, those sediments at S9, S10, and S 12, where the EPC0s were approximately equal to the SRPs, were in impermanent equilibrium with overlying water in status of phosphorus, the sediments can be likely to release phosphorus to the water column once the equilibrium was broken. Therefore, sedimentary phos- phorus can be a secondary pollution source in downstream Nansi Lake.
摘要：A flaw of demand coverage method in solving optimal monitoring stations problem under multiple demand patterns was identified in this paper. In the demand coverage method, the demand coverage of each set of monitoring stations is calculated by accumulating their demand coverage under each demand pattern, and the impact of temporal distribution between different time periods or demand patterns is ignored. This could lead to miscalculation of the optimal locations of the monitoring stations. To overcome this flaw, this paper presents a Demand Coverage Index （DCI） based method. The optimization considers extended period unsteady hydrau- lics due to the change of nodal demands with time. The method is cast in a genetic algorithm framework for integration with Environmental Protection Agency Net （EPANET） and is demonstrated through example applica- tions. Results show that the set of optimal locations of monitoring stations obtained using the DCI method can represent the water quality of water distribution systems under multiple demand patterns better than the one obtained using previous methods.
摘要：Water is essential for life. In spite of the entire engineering infrastructure devoted to the treatment, regulation and beneficial uses of water, occasionally sufficient quantities and qualities of water become scarce. When this happens, just how do we decide how much less water to allocate to all of us and the activities we engage in to sustain and enhance our quality of life？ This paper addresses some of the complexities of answering such a question, especially as society increasingly recognizes the need to provide flow regimes that will maintain healthy aquatic and floodplain ecosystems that also impact the economic, physical and even the spiritual quality of our lives. For we depend on these ecosystems to sustain our wellbeing. We are indeed a part of our ecosystems. We depend upon on aquatic ecosystems to moderate river flow qualities and quantities, reduce the extremes of floods and droughts, reduce erosion, detoxify and decompose water- borne wastes, generate and preserve flood plain soils and renew their fertility, regulate disease carrying organisms, and to enhance recreational benefits of river systems. This question of deciding just how much water to allocate to each water user and for the maintenance of viable aquatic ecosystems, especially when there is not enough, is a complex, and largely political, issue. This issue is likely to become even more complex and political and contentious in the future as populations grow and as water quantities and their qualities become even more variable and uncertain.
摘要：China now faces double challenges of water resources shortage and severe water pollution. To resolve Chinese water pollution problems and reduce its impacts on human health, economic growth and social develop- ment, the situation of wastewater treatment was investi- gated. Excess sludge and greenhouse gases （GHGs） emitted during wastewater treatment were also surveyed. It is concluded that Chinese water pollution problems should be systematically resolved with inclusion of wastewater and the solid waste and GHGs generated during wastewater treatment. Strategies proposed for the wastewater treatment in China herein were also adequate for other countries, especially for the developing countries with similar economic conditions to China.
