DNA来源人特征刻画的法庭科学应用研究

摘要

DNA是遗传和繁殖的基础，控制着人高矮、肤色、发质、骨骼、神经等方面的差异以及器官的生长、发育和衰老等，具有唯一性、同一性和遗传性等特点，对个体识别和亲缘鉴定起着决定性作用。当前法医DNA检验主要依靠STR复合扩增技术，但STR主要分布在基因组的非编码区，难以提供更多与人表型特征相关的信息，所以其发挥作用的方式主要是“比对”；而对于既无目标嫌疑人又无其它线索的案件，很难利用现场检材中蕴含的生物学信息去主动“查找”嫌疑人及指导案情分析。近年来，DNA特征刻画技术成为法医DNA领域重要的研究内容和热点，其目的是通过对检材DNA的深度挖掘，推断检材供者的生理、病理和表型信息，刻画DNA来源人的种族地域、外貌、疾病等特征，从而缩小犯罪嫌疑人的查找范围，为侦查提供线索。本文对DNA来源人特征刻画领域的研究进展和发展趋势进行综述，希冀对相关研究和实践提供参考和借鉴。%ABSTRACT:DNA, the basis of biological heredity and breeding, having different composition and configuration of sequence bases to deifne the code of life, controls the diversity of people’s height, color of skin and complexion, hair texture, bones, nerves and the others together with the growth, development and senescence of organs. DNA keeps records of all genetic information of an individual. Because of its uniqueness (DNA sequence is different from each other between every individual with the exception of identical twins), identity (DNA sequence of an individual is same among his/her various organs with the exclusion of the transplanted or the mutated tumor tissues) and inheritance (each individual’s nuclear DNA in all somatic cells comes from parents and the mitochondrion from the maternal), DNA plays the decisive role in individual identiifcation and consanguinity veriifcation. Today, forensic DNA test mainly relies on STR (short tandem repeats) multiplex ampliifcation. But STR primarily localizes in the non-coding region of a genome, thus dififcult to provide more information about the phenotypic characteristics of people. Therefore, the current DNA tests are mostly used for “comparison and match”, demonstrating unavailability for cases without target suspects and/or any other clues although the biologic samples collected from the scene have plenty of biological information waiting for exposure and exploitation. Recently, the depiction of human characters inferred from DNA is becoming an important research hotspot in forensic community. Such information as the one of anthropology, physiology, pathology and/or phenotype can be deduced from the donor’s DNA that the feature of an individual’s appearance, disease attributes, ethnic and geographical afifliation would be portrayed. At present, some related technology and methods have gradually begun to be employed in criminal casework.In this paper,we summarize the general situation of the research depicting human characters inferred from DNA and extrapolate its developmental trend.