中国大气颗粒物中重金属监测技术与方法综述

摘要

大气颗粒物中的重金属极易富集在细颗粒物中，并对人体带来危害。文章对中国大气颗粒物中重金属的监测技术方法进行梳理和汇总，从点位布设、样品采集、样品前处理、分析测试以及全过程的质量保证和质量控制等方面。探讨和分析颗粒物监测的各个环节应遵循的技术规范和相关方法。大气颗粒物的采样主要包括环境空气样品和无组织排放样品两大类，前处理方法包括全消解和酸浸提，而全消解中又包括酸消解法和碱熔法，消解方式包括电热板、马弗炉、高压密闭消解罐、微波消解等。测试方法主要包括分光光度法、X射线荧光光谱法（XRF）、原子吸收分光光度法（AAS）、原子荧光光谱法（AFS）、电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法（ICP-AES）、电感耦合等离子体质谱法（ICP-MS）等，根据不同的监测需求和仪器设备水平，选择不同的标准测试方法作为依据。在颗粒物重金属监测的全过程中，从布点、试剂空白、滤膜/滤筒空白的控制，到采样、前处理、实验室分析等各个环节，均需要考虑可能影响分析准确度的因素，建立起与监测方法同步的全程序质量保证和控制措施。完善大气颗粒物中重金属监测技术与方法体系，可为大气环境监测和管理部门的决策提供科学依据和技术支持，为源解析等颗粒物组分分析相关工作提供方法依据。%Heavy metals in atmospheric particle matters were easily enriched in PM2.5, and brought harm to human. In this paper, the Chinese monitoring technology and methods of heavy metals in ambient air particulate matters was collected sort and aggregated. All of the monitoring aspects were introduced such as sampling points laid, sample collection, sample pretreatment, sample analysis and quality assurance and quality control throughout the whole process. The technical specifications and related methods were discussed and analyzed. Atmospheric particulate matter sampling mainly includes air sample and unorganized emissions sample. The pretreatment includes full digestion and acid leaching. And acid or alkali treatment could be used to decompose by hot plate, muffle furnace, high pressure airtight jar or microwave digestion. Many analysis methods could be selected such as spectrophotometer, X fluorescence spectrometer (XRF), atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS), atomic fluorescence spectrometry (AFS), inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES) and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). According to the different monitoring requirements and equipment level, different standard test methods should be used. Through the whole process of heavy metal particulate monitoring, the stationing, reagent blank, membrane filter/cartridge blank control, the sampling pretreatment and laboratory analysis and so on, every factor that might affect the accuracy of analysis should be considered. Monitoring method should be established with the whole procedures of quality assurance and control measures. Complete monitoring technology system of the heavy metals in atmospheric particles could provide a scientific basis and technical support for the decision of atmospheric environmental monitoring and management. And it would also provide the analysis methods for the source apportionment of atmospheric particulate matter technique and relevant works.