College of Internet of Things Engineering;
Hohai University;
Changzhou;
Jiangsu 210032;
China;
Muhammad Nawaz Sharif University of Engineering&Technology;
Multan 66000;
Pakistan;
Petroweld Kurdistan Region;
Erbil 42002;
Iraq;
Pakistan Steel Mills Karachi;
Karachi 75200;
Pakistan;
Classification; Machine learning; Spread subsampling; Class imbalance;