Nanoparticles,clusters and single-atoms constitute the major types of metal catalysts.The size variation of metal species,known as size effect in heterogeneous catalysts,not only changed the geometric and electronic structure of metal atoms,but also altered their anchoring strength with the immobilizing supports,showing distinctively varied activities.A gradual accumulation of large amounts of experimental data and theoretical calculations has unambitiously verified that the size of the metal species played a crucial role in determining the catalytic performance with respect to the geometric and electronic structures of active sites.
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