Severe bleeding is a common problem and a main cause of death in a medical setting,including surgery,trauma,congenital and acquired abnormalities of hemostasis,fulminant hepatic failure,and gastrointestinal bleeding.It has been estimated that rxcessive blood loss may contribute to approximately 30% of trauma-related deaths.Bleeding in critical locations,especially intracerebral hemorrhage,pose also a major clinical challenge.Severe bleeding often needs blood transfusion.In many patients with abnormalities of hemostasis,bleeding can be effectively corrected by replacing the defective components of the hemostatic system,of which the most widely used are factor Ⅷ concentrations and recombinant factor Ⅷ products for hemophilia A treatment,prothrombin complex concentrates and recombinant factor Ⅸ for hemophilia B treatment,and fibrinogen or cryoprecipitate for afibrinogenemia.On the other hand,all the cases of excessive bleeding require pharmacologic strategies of hemostatic agents to minimize blood loss.
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