State Key Laboratory of Traction Power;
Southwest Jiaotong University;
Chengdu 610031;
China;
State Key Laboratory for Strength and Vibration of Mechanical Structures;
Xi’an Jiaotong University;
Xi’an 710049;
China;
Welded; bogie; frame; Fatigue; damage; accumulation; Damage; tolerance; design; Residual; life; assessment; High-speed; railway; vehicle;