黑龙江省耕地利用效率时空差异及影响因素研究

摘要

[目的]揭示区域耕地利用效率变化及影响因素,为提高区域耕地资源利用效率提供科学依据.[方法]文章采用了非期望产出SBM模型、Tobit模型、变异系数法、K均值聚类法.[结果](1)黑龙江省耕地利用综合技术效率总体呈现下降趋势,纯技术效率不高是制约综合技术效率提升的主要原因;(2) 1994~2014年间耕地利用效率区域差异总体呈现增大趋势;1994~2005年各区域耕地利用效率差异较小,但变幅较大,该时期综合技术效率区域分异主要受纯技术效率的影响;2006~2014年耕地利用效率区域差异较大,但变幅较小,该时期综合技术效率分异主要受规模效率影响;(3)经聚类,齐齐哈尔、伊春、牡丹江、大兴安岭为I类地区,为耕地利用综合技术效率高效率区,纯技术效率略高于规模效率;鸡西、双鸭山、大庆、佳木斯、七台河、黑河、绥化为Ⅱ类地区,为中效率区,纯技术效率与规模效率相当;哈尔滨、鹤岗为Ⅲ类地区,为低效率区,纯技术效率远低于规模效率;I类地区投入要素利用率>Ⅱ类地区>Ⅲ类地区;(4)影响因素按影响程度依次为劳动力比例、单位播种面积农业机械总动力、农村劳动力人均播种面积、单位播种面积化肥施用量,其中农村劳动力人均播种面积对耕地利用效率为正向影响,其余均为负向影响.[结论]1994~2014年黑龙江省耕地利用效率呈下降趋势且区域差异较大,主要受劳动力、农机、化肥及播种面积影响.%This paper revealed the change of cultivated land use efficiency and its influencing factors,to provide a scientific basis for improving the efficiency of regional arable land resources utilization.Methods of undesirable out-put SBM model,Tobit model, coefficient of variation method,k-mean clustering were used.The results showed that(1)The comprehensive technical efficiency of cultivated land use in the province showed a downward trend. But the pure technical efficiency was not high for the improvement of comprehensive technical efficiency;(2)The regional differences of cultivated land use efficiency in Heilongjiang province from 1994 to 2014 showed an increas-ing trend.From 1994 to 2005, the utilization efficiency of cultivated land in each region was low.The regional differences in integrated technical efficiency were mainly affected by the pure technical efficiency.The regional effi-ciency of cultivated land use in 2006 ~2014 was quite different,and mainly affected by the efficiency of scale;(3)Qiqihar,Yichun, Mudanjiang, Daxinganling belonged to the Ⅰ class area with high comprehensive technical efficiency,where the pure technical efficiency was slightly higher than the scale efficiency.Jixi, Shuangyashan, Daqing,Jiamusi,Qitaihe,Heihe,Suihua were the Ⅱ class with medium efficiency area.The pure technical effi-ciency and scale efficiency were similar.Harbin and Hegang were the Ⅲ area with low efficiency;(4)The influ-encing factors ranked as the ratio of labor force,the agricultural mechanical power per hectare,the per capita rural labor planting are,the use rate of fertilizer per hectare,and the per capita rural labor planting.It concluded that the efficiency of cultivated land use in Heilongjiang province in 1994~2014 was declining and the regional differ-ences were large,which were mainly affected by labor force,agricultural machinery,fertilizer and planting.