Hydraulic rock-breaking tool is the key point in the research of high efficient drilling technology and the basic technology of petroleum exploration and development,and also is the basic guarantee of safe and fast drilling.For the current domestic and foreign commonly used hydraulic rock breaking tools,including the super high pressure water jetting tool,the bottom hole jet oscillation tool,the axial hydraulic impactor and the circumferential hydraulic impactor,the basic principle,performance characteristics and research status of the rock breaking tools were introduced.The results show that the traditional rock breaking technology,such as water jet and impactor,will still be the principal part of the liquid rock breaking technology for some time because of its obvious speed effect;negative pressure downhole tools,hydraulic pulse cavitation jet tool,currently used in conjunction with multi-mechanical rock breaking,should get a rapid development,and gradually appeared to dominate;self-excited oscillation type rotary percussion tool and elastic force accumulator hydraulic impactor development is still not perfect,is still at the exploratory stage,but it will gradually become the development direction of the hydraulic rock breaking technology.%液动破岩工具是高效钻井破岩技术研究的重点,是石油勘探开发的钻井基础装备,也是安全、快速钻井的基本保障.针对当前国内外常用的液动破岩工具(包括超高压水射流工具、井底射流振荡工具、轴向液动冲击器和周向液动冲击器等),介绍了破岩工具的基本原理、性能特点和研究现状.分析结果表明:水射流、冲击器等传统破岩技术拥有明显的提速效果,在一段时间内仍然会是液动破岩技术的主体;井底负压工具、水力脉冲空化射流工具,目前多与机械破岩配合使用.这2类工具在近几年应该会得到快速发展,并逐渐成为破岩的主体;自激振荡式旋冲工具和弹性蓄力液动冲击器发展还不够完善,仍然处于探索阶段,但会逐渐成为液动破岩技术的发展方向.
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