In the last two decades, optical single molecule detection(SMD) has been rapidly developed as a powerful tool in many research fields, especially, in biological systems. This mini-review focuses on the application of SMD in protein studies. Based on the unique advantage, namely providing detailed distribution of molecular properties and tracking individual molecules in real time, SMD is applied to not only equilibrium yet heterogeneous systems such as protein folding, enzyme reaction dynamics, and membrane dynamics, but also non-equilibrium events. SMD plays an essential role in tracking the motion of protein motors in vivo.%过去20年中,光学单分子探测的方法已经发展成为许多领域、特别是生物学领域研究的强有力工具.单分了探测不仅能够给出物理量的平均值,还町以给出有关分布的信息,也能对一个分子的轨迹进行追踪.这些独特的性质使单分子探测小仅仪在平衡体系,如蛋白折叠、酶反应动力学、膜表面动力学等研究中发挥作用,而且对非平衡体系的探测更具有其它方法无法比拟的优势,同时单分子探测在生物活体中追踪分子时也有关键作用.
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