果园土壤污染的生物修复

摘要

[Objective] The aim was to study the bioremediation mechanism of soil pollution. [Method] The effects of applying biological organic fertilizers on the bioremediation of soil pollution in orchard were studid by experiment in orchard field and soil simulative experiment. [Result] The biological organic fertilizers improved the activities of enzymes like polyphenol oxidase, urease, phosphatase, etc. in root-zone soil, promoted the passivation of heavy metals like Cd2+, Pb2+, Cr3+, As6+, etc. in root-zone soil, increased the quantities of useful active bacterium like beneficial fungi, actinomycetes, bacterium, etc. and decreased the quantities of harmful biology (like Fusarium oxysporum, Moniliophthora roreri, Ruselliniu necutrix/Helicobasidium mompa, nematode, etc. [Conclusion] The study results provide some references for the popularization and application of biological organic fertilizers on fruit trees.%[目的]弄清土壤污染的生物修复作用机理.[方法]通过果园田间试验和土壤模拟试验,研究施用果树生物有机肥对果园土壤中酶活性(土壤多酚氧化酶用邻苯三酚比色法测定,蔗糖酶用磷钼酸比色法测定,磷酸酶用磷酸苯二钠法测定,脲酶用靛酚比色法测定)、有害重金属的吸附-解吸作用、土壤微生物区系、有害病源菌数量的影响,以摸清施用果树生物有机肥对果园土壤生物修复的作用.[结果]生物有机肥提高了根域土壤多酚氧化酶、脲酶、磷酸酶的活力,提高幅度分别为0.4～0.7 mg/g、0.09～0.12 mg/g、0.4～0.5 mg/g;降低了土壤蔗糖酶活性,降低幅度为0.4～0.8 mg/g.生物有机肥促进了根域土壤对Pb2+等重金属的钝化.吸附曲线表明,生物有机肥、鸡粪对Pb2+的吸附量在溶液中Pb2+的初始浓度为200 mg/L时达到最大(分别为61.7、24.7 mg/kg),且生物有机肥对Pb2+的吸附量始终大于干鸡粪(高6.0%～20%);解吸曲线表明,生物肥、鸡粪在溶液中Pb2+初始浓度为600 mg/L时,对Pb2+的释放量达到最大(分别为14.1、21.0 mg/kg),且生物肥对Pb2+的解吸释放量始终低于干鸡粪(低3.1%～18.6%).生物有机肥增加了有益真菌、放线菌、细菌等活性菌的数量,增幅分别为0.7～1.4倍、1.0～1.5倍、0.4～3.0倍,其中土壤硅酸盐细菌增加了0.15～3.50倍.生物有机肥降低了根腐病菌、疫腐病菌、白/紫纹羽病菌和线虫等有害生物的数量,其中,果园根域土壤白/紫纹羽病菌及白绢病菌的数量,施生物有机肥的平均比施用干鸡粪的下降了29.4%,比未施有机肥的下降了55.4%,经方差检验差异极显著.[结论]该研究为生物有机肥在果实上的推广应用提供了依据.