具有抑菌和杀虫活性的中草药资源及在农药上的应用

摘要

中草药源农药是指从中草药中提取的用于防治农作物病虫害的有效成分或从中分离纯化的单体物质，它在无公害农产品生产和开发利用我国丰富的植物资源用于有害生物的防治方面具有深远意义。概述了中草药源农药对环境友好、作用方式多样、对高等动物及害虫天敌安全，且有害生物较难产生抗药性等特点；综述了49科具有抑菌和杀虫活性的中草药资源及其作用，评述了我国已开发应用的19种中草药源农药和7种规模化生产的中草药源农药产品。最后，提出了中草药农药开发应用中值得进一步研究的问题：中草药的品种选育、栽培技术和活性成分提取方法研究；中草药源有效成分的结构鉴定，植物品种与活性成分关系的基础研究；以中草药源活性成分为基础的先导化合物的研发。%Herbal pesticides refer to the active ingredients extracted from herbs which are used for pest and disease control in crops or pure substances isolated from them. They are of great significance for the production of pol ution-free agricultural products, as wel as for exploiting the abundant plant resources in China for the prevention and control of pests. In this paper, the advantages of herbal pesticides, such as being environment-friendly, diverse patterns of action, safety for higher ani-mals and the natural enemies of pests and making it hard for pests to produce re-sistance were first stated; then, Chinese herbal medicine resources with antibacterial and insecticidal activities from 49 families and their functions were reviewed, and 19 kinds of herbal pesticides that have been developed and applied in China and sev-en kinds that have been produced on a large scale were also introduced; final y, three issues deserving further exploration during the development and application of herbal pesticides were presented, that is, research in variety selection and cultivation of herbs, and methods for extraction of active ingredients; basic research in the structure identification of herbal active ingredients, and the relationship between plant variety and active ingredients; development of lead compounds based on herbal ac-tive ingredients.