2009 ～ 2010年,在宁夏引黄灌区分别以宁春11号和宁春16号小麦为供试作物,利用田间试验研究了优化施肥(OPT)和习惯施肥(CON)对春小麦产量、氮素吸收利用和土壤硝态氮累积的影响,表观评估了土壤—小麦体系氮素平衡.结果表明,相对于CK处理,OPT和CON都显著提高春小麦籽粒产量地上部生物量,并促进籽粒N和地上部N的吸收累积,但二者之间差异不显著.施肥对小麦收获指数无显著影响,但OPT处理更有利于小麦产量构成与农学性状的改善,较好地发挥其产量潜力.OPT较CON提高了小麦的氮肥利用率、农学利用率和偏生产 力.土壤硝态氮累积随土壤深度的增加而呈降低趋势,OPT处理可有效地减少0～100 cm各层土壤硝态氮的累积.土壤—小麦体系氮素表观平衡表明,应充分挖掘土壤和环境养分潜力,通过优化施肥来降低Nmin残留和氮素表观损失.%In order to investigate the effects of optimum (OPT) and conventional (CON) fertilization on spring wheat yield, N utilization and soil nitrate accumulation, and simultaneously evaluate the apparent N balance in the soil-wheat system, a field experiment with Ningchun 11 and Ningchun 16 of spring wheat growing was conducted in the Yellow River Irrigation Region of Ningxia from 2009 ~ 2010, respectively. The results showed that both OPT and CON treatments significantly increased the grain yield, shoot biomass, grain N uptake and shoot N uptake compared with CK, but there was no significant difference found between OPT and CON. Fertilization had no significant influence on harvest index of spring wheat, however, OPT was beneficial to improve the yield composition and some agronomical characteristics, and achieve high grain yield. In contrast to CON, OPT treatment could increase more or less the recovery efficiency (RE) , agronomy efficiency (AE) and partial factor productivity (PFP) of applied N. Soil nitrate accumulation had the declining trend with the soil depth increasing, therefore, OPT treatment effectively decreased the soil nitrate accumulation in 0 ~ 100 cm soil. Apparent N balance in the soil-wheat system indicated that soil residual Nmin, mineralization and irrigation N input should be taken into account, and then reduced soil residual Nmin and apparent N losses by optimum fertilization .
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