超高产春玉米氮磷钾养分吸收与利用的研究

摘要

以金山27为材料,以普通高产栽培(产量14.647 t/hm2)为对照,研究超高产栽培下(产量16.861t/hm2)春玉米对氮(N)、磷(P)、钾(K)养分的吸收、积累、分配和利用.结果表明,超高产栽培下,各生育时期单位面积N、P、K的吸收量和吸收速率均高于CK,吐丝后N、P、K吸收量占生育期总吸收量的比例超高产栽培均高于CK.植株N、P、K的积累量在吐丝期之前超高产栽培与CK差异均不显著,吐丝之后差异增加,两种栽培下完熟期N的积累量差异达到极显著水平,P、K的积累量差异达到显著水平.完熟期超高产栽培籽粒中N分配比例显著高于CK,茎中分配比例极显著低于CK;叶和根中P分配比例均极显著低于CK;根中K分配比例显著低于CK.超高产栽培N、P、K的收获指数均高于CK,N的产谷利用率与CK基本相同,P的产谷利用率略低干CK,K的产谷利用率高于CK.每形成单位籽粒所吸收的N、P量超高产栽培与CK相同,K的吸收量超高产栽培低干CK.超高产栽培田N素养分体现为表观亏缺,P、K养分表现为表观盈余.%Using Jinshan 27 as tested material and ordinary-high-yield cultivation (the yield was 14.647 t/hm2) as CK to study the N, P and K' absorption, accumulation, distribution and use of spring maize under super-yield cutivation (the yield was 16.861 t/hm2). The result showed that N, P and K absorption amount and rate under super-yield cultivation were higher than those of CK at all growing stages, the absorption ratio and total absorption of N, P and K under super-yield cultivation was higher than those of CK after silking stage. The difference of N, P and K accumulation under super-yield cultivation and CK didn't reach significant level before silking stage, and this difference became larger after silking stage. The difference of N accumulation became highly significant at full mature stage between this two kinds of cultivation, and the difference of P, K accumulation also reached significant level. N distribution ratio in grain under super-yield cultivation was markedly higher than that of CK, and N distribution ratio in stem was lower than that of CK;and P distribution ratio in leaf and root were markedly lower than that of CK; the ratio of K distribution in root was significantly less than that of CK. The harvest index of N, P and K under super-yield cultivation was higher than that of CK,and N use efficiency of grain was nearly the same as CK, and P use efficiency of grain was lower than that of CK, and K use efficiency of grain was more than that of CK. N and P amount needed per unit grain were basically the same as CK,and the amount of K needed was less than that of CK. N was apparently deficient, and P and K were apparently surplus under super-yield cultivation.