不同覆盖方式对旱地马铃薯产量和水分利用效率的影响

摘要

In order to select the optimal mulching method in the dryland farming of northern Shaanxi Loess Hilly Region,we studied the effects of straw mulching and plastic film mulching on yield and water use efficiency (WUE) of Potato.Through 2 years of fixed field experiment (from 2012 to 2013),we adopted five mulching methods which included ridge mulching(LM),double channels mulching(GM),double ridge mulching(QM),straw mulching(JG) and bare land (CK),and analysed the changes of the growth,yield,soil temperature and moisture of potato.The results showed that:(1) Under the treatment of JG,growth and development status,plant height and the SPAD value of potato were superior to others which showed JG ＞ CK ＞ GM ＞ LM ＞ QM for plant height,LM ＞ GM ＞ CK ＞ JG ＞ QM for stem thickness and JG ＞ LM ＞ GM ＞ CK ＞ QM for SPAD value;(2) In the whole growth period,soil temperature showed JG ＜ CK ＜ LM ＜ GM ＜ QM,the soil temperature in the treatment of JG,LM,GM and QM were-0.18℃,0.76℃,1.21℃ and 1.65 ℃ higher than that in the CK,respectively;(3) In the whole growth stage,different mulching methods could increase soil moisture showed JG ＞ QM ＞ GM ＞ LM ＞ CK,the soil moisture in the treatment of JG,LM,GM and QM were 17.18％,11.92％,5.65％ and 16.93％ higher than that in the CK,respectively;(4) The yield in the treatment of JG,QM,LM and GM were 19.75％,8.95％,7.00％ and-0.25％ higher than that in the CK,respectively,and the WUE were 16.4％,7.4％,9.15％ and 1.65％ higher than that in the CK,respectively.Straw mulching was selected as the best dryland farming cultivation method in the dryland farming of northern Shaanxi loess hilly region.%为研究秸秆和地膜覆盖栽培对马铃薯产量和水分利用效率的影响,旨在筛选出陕北黄土丘陵旱作区的最佳覆盖方式.通过2年(2012-2013)的田间定位试验,采用垄膜覆盖(LM)、双沟覆膜(GM)、全膜覆盖(QM)、秸秆覆盖(JG)和露地(CK)5种覆盖栽培方式,分析马铃薯生长、产量、土壤温度、土壤含水量变化.结果表明:(1)JG处理的马铃薯植株生长发育状况,其株高、SPAD值均优于其它处理,表现为株高JG＞ CK＞ GM＞ LM＞ QM,茎粗LM＞ GM＞ CK＞ JG＞ QM,SPAD值JG＞ LM＞ GM＞ CK＞ QM.(2)在整个生育期,地温均值表现为JG＜ CK＜ LM＜ GM＜QM,JG、LM、GM及QM分别较CK提高-0.18℃、0.76℃、1.21℃及1.65cc.(3)全生育期,不同覆盖有增加土壤含水量的作用,均值表现为JG＞ QM＞ GM＞ LM＞ CK,JG、LM、GM及QM分别较CK提高17.18％、11.92％、5.65％和16.93％.(4) JG、QM、LM及GM分别比露地栽培平均增产19.75％、8.95％、7.00％及-0.25％,水分利用效率提高16.4％、7.4％、9.15％及1.65％.秸秆覆盖栽培方式是陕北旱作区马铃薯抗旱栽培推荐的栽培方式.