不同覆盖材料下土壤水温效应对玉米前期生长的影响

摘要

本研究旨在比较盆栽与大田试验条件下不同覆盖材料的土壤调温保湿效果,为选择农业环保型覆盖材料提供理论依据.2014和2015年分别设置盆栽试验和大田试验,覆盖塑料地膜(DM)、液体地膜(YM)、麻地膜(MM)及秸秆(JM)等4种材料,以不覆盖处理为对照(CK),分析了不同覆盖材料对土壤水温状况及玉米前期生长的影响.结果表明:麻地膜覆盖对玉米生育前期0～20 cm土层土壤的保水保墒效果最好,秸秆覆盖处理次之,麻地膜覆盖和秸秆覆盖处理玉米出苗至大喇叭口期平均土壤贮水量分别较对照显著提高29.0％和26.6％.覆盖不同材料的调温作用:2014年盆栽试验玉米拔节期各处理升温效果表现为MM＞ DM＞ JM＞YM＞CK,大喇叭口期其降温效果表现为MM＞ JM＞ CK＞ DM＞ YM;2015年大田试验玉米拔节期各处理升温效果表现为CK＞ DM＞ MM＞ YM＞ JM,大喇叭口期其降温效果表现为CK＞ DM＞ MM＞ JM＞ YM.麻地膜覆盖处理促进了玉米前期的生长,比不覆盖处理提前10～11 d进入大喇叭口期,玉米株高、茎粗、叶面积及生物量分别较对照显著提高48.3％、27.5％、158.2％和63.5％.%To provide a theoretical basis for selecting environmental protection covering material in agriculture,effects of different covering materials on soil water conservation and temperature regulation were compared by carrying out a pot experiment and a field experiment.Both pot experiment and field experiment studies were conducted to determine the effects of different mulching materials on soil temperature,soil water and growth of maize at the early growth stage in dryfarming areas of Ningxia between 2014 and 2015.Four mulching materials including plastic film (DM),liquid film (YM),bast fiber film (MM),and maize straw (JM) were employed.A fiat plot without mulching was used as the control (CK).Our results showed that the effect of the bast fiber film treatment on water conservation was the best,and maize straw treatment was the second.The soil water storage ratios in the 20 cm depth soil layer by the bast fiber film mulching and maize straw mulching treatments were 29.0％ and 26.6％,respectively,significantly higher than that by the control treatment through the emergence till large bell stages of maize.Different mulching materials exhibited greater soil temperature warming and cooling effects than the control treatment from seedling stage to large bell stage of maize during the 2 years of study.In 2014,the effects of different treatments on soil temperature warming at the jointing stage from strong to weak followed the order of MM ＞ DM ＞ JM ＞ YM ＞ CK,and on soil temperature cooling flowed the order of MM ＞ JM ＞ CK ＞ DM ＞ YM at the large bell stage in the pot experiment.In 2015,the effects on soil temperature warming at the jointing stage followed as CK ＞ DM ＞ MM ＞ YM ＞ JM,and on the soil temperature cooling as CK ＞ DM ＞ MM ＞ JM ＞ YM at the large bell stage in the field experiment.The large bell stage of maize was brought forward by 10 ～ 11 d by the bast fiber film mulching treatment from no mulching treatment at the early stage of maize grwoth.The bast fiber film mulching treatment promoted the growth at the early stage of maize.Plant height,stem diameter,leaf area and biomass of maize under this treatment were increased by 48.3 ％,27.5 ％,158.2％,and 63.5 ％,respectively,significantly higher than those by the control treatment.