State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines;
Institute of Materia Medica;
Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences/Peking Union Medical College;
Beijing 100050;
China Received 5 September 2022;
Revised 8 November;
Chronic kidney disease; Gut microbiota; Berberine; Gut—kidney axis; Clostridium; p-Cresol; Uremic toxins; p-Cresol sulfate;