半干旱区全膜覆盖垄上微沟种植对土壤水热及马铃薯产量的影响

摘要

It is necessary to investigate the effects of the regulation of furrow and ridge regulated according to the potato growing characteristics on soil thermal-moisture status and potato productivity. A three-year (2012 to 2014) field trial was conducted at Dingxi Experimental Station of Gansu Academy of Agricultural Sciences (35º35' N, 104º36' E), in northwest Loess plateau. Potato cultivar Xindaping (Solanum tuberosum) was selected as test material. With three treatments: 1) mini-ditch planting with plastic mulching in ridges (RMF), 2) ridge-furrow planting with plastic mulching (RF), and 3) field flat planting (CK). The soil tempera-ture, soil water content and potato yield were determined, as well as soil accumulated temperature of≥10℃, water consumption, soil water storage, water use efficiency and other parameters were calculated. The results showed that RMF and RF significantly increased≥10℃ soil accumulated temperature at different growth periods and the whole growth period in normal rainfall years (2012 and 2014) , as compared with CK, but there was no significant difference of the temperature between plastic mulching treatments and CK in the abundant rainfall year (2013). The soil water storage of RMF in 0–80 cm soil was 28.20–31.61 mm lower, but in 80–200 cm soil higher than those of RF and CK. As compared with CK, RMF and RF significantly increased number of basal stems, number of branches and dry weight of stem, resulting in 60.78%–89.37% and 41.91%–73.33% increment of potato tube yield, and 49.46%–82.55% and 35.62%–65.66% increment of potato water use efficiency, respectively. Although the soil moisture and crop evapotranspiration were not varied significantly in RMF, the soil water consumption from 0 to 200 cm soil layer of RMF was 66.52% more than that of CK, and 14.19% more than that of RF in seasonal drought years, resulting in the higher tuber yield and water use efficiency.%根据马铃薯的生长习性调节起垄造沟方式,2012—2014年进行大田定位试验,设置全膜覆盖垄上微沟(垄上营造10 cm高,20 cm宽的微沟,马铃薯种植在微垄顶部, RMF)、全膜覆盖垄沟种植(RF)和露地平作(CK)3个处理,测定土壤温度、土壤含水量和马铃薯产量,计算≥10℃地积温、作物生育期耗水量、贮水量、水分利用效率等参数,研究全膜覆盖垄上微沟种植对土壤水热环境和马铃薯水分利用效率的影响。结果表明, RMF和RF在平水年(2012年和2014年)可显著提高各生育期和全生育期≥10℃积温,在丰水年(2013年)则与CK无差异。块茎膨大期0~80 cm的土壤贮水量RMF比CK低28.20~31.61 mm,80~200 cm的土壤贮水量RMF高于RF和CK。与CK相比, RMF和RF明显提高马铃薯地上基部茎数、茎分枝数和茎干重；马铃薯产量分别比CK提高60.78%~89.37%和41.91%~73.33%,水分利用效率分别比CK提高49.46%~82.55%和35.62%~65.66%。RMF块茎膨大期的耗水量比CK增加66.52%；在季节性干旱年份,0~200 cm土层的土壤耗水量比RF增加14.19%,从而显著提高产量和水分利用效率。