不同控失肥对冬小麦产量和肥料农学效率的影响

摘要

Based on low nutrient loss of loss-control fertilizer,the effect of different loss-control fertilizers on winter wheat yield and agronomic nutrient efficiency were investigated to provide a scientific basis for water-saving and yield improvement in the area of low plain around Bohai Sea.During the growing seasons of winter wheat,dif ferent fertilize types of loss-control fertilizer were devised,including N-P2O5-K2O:16-45-0 (K1) and N-P2O5-K2O:24-12-12(K2),and setting normal fertilizer(CF) and no fertilizer treatments(CK) as a comparison.Results indicated that compared with convention fertilizer,the yield of winter wheat with applying loss-controlled fertilizer were increased by 17％-29％ only under preplanting irrigation.And there was no significant effect of different types of loss-control fertilizers on winter wheat yields.The yield of winter wheat decreased by 10％-19％ with saving irrigation water 900-1 200 m3/ha only by applying the loss-control fertilizer compared with convention fertilizer and irrigation.The loss-control fertilizer could significantly improve agronomic nutrient efficiency.Compared with convention fertilizer,the agronomic efficiency with applying loss-control fertilizer were improved by 71％-228％.The losscontrol fertilizer could improve crop yield and agronomic nutrient efficiency.In the absence of labor,loss-control fertilizer were applied as basal fertilizer,which could reduce labour costs for top dressing.In drought year,more than 80％ of winter wheat yield was ensured with applying loss-controlled fertilizer under preplanting irrigation.%基于控失肥养分流失低的特点,研究环渤海低平原区施用控失肥对冬小麦产量及其构成要素和肥料农学效率的影响,以期为环渤海低平原区粮食节水增产提供理论基础.在冬小麦生育期内,选择不同类型控失肥N-P2O5-K2O:16-45-0(K1)和N-P2O5-K2O:24-12-12(K2),并设置当地常规施肥(CF)和不施肥(CK)作为对照,于冬小麦收获期取样考种并测产.结果表明:在保证N和P2O5施肥量同当地施肥量基本一致、仅灌一次底墒水或无灌水条件下,施用控失肥冬小麦产量提高了17％ ～ 29％,且不同类型控失肥对冬小麦产量无显著影响;与当地常规施肥、拔节期灌溉的冬小麦产量相比,施用控失肥仅灌一次底墒水时,冬小麦的产量降低了10％ ～ 19％,但减少了1次灌水,可节省淡水灌溉量900 ～1 200 m3/hm2;控失肥可以显著提高肥料农学效率和肥料贡献率.相比常规肥料,控失肥的肥料农学效率均提高了71％ ～228％,肥料贡献率提高了53％.在环渤海低平原区小麦生产中施用新型环保控失肥可达到增产的效果,同时可提高肥料利用效率,减少肥料的流失.在劳动力较少的情况,可将控失肥作底肥一次性施人,减少追肥的劳动力成本.在淡水资源非常紧缺时,保证冬小麦齐苗后,雨养条件下通过施用控失肥,也可保证获得80％以上的冬小麦产量.