占卜异象与《左传》叙事的预言式结构

摘要

《左传》借助占卜、异象等为标志的巫史叙事言理的结构方法，使之成为一部“高度道德化了的史书”。由先卜后筮到先筮后卜，体现了人们想要以数字技术的方式来理性地合逻辑地把握世界的努力。上至天象，下至人间异象，皆隐喻人事，指向惩恶劝善的道德目的。透过对占卜和异象的“解象之辞”的分析，可以看出卜兆则据“颂”解兆，《易》象之辞则据“筮占对象”的身、位、时、事来进行解说，而解说异象之辞则大多以生活的常识作为评判标准。《左传》用巫史预言的方式对史料进行重新整合，按照合乎道德因果的逻辑编排文本，在道德因果的价值判断干预下，形成了《左传》的预言式叙事结构。同时，这也对后世的文学文本产生了深远影响。%Tso Chuan employed divinations and visions to set its narrative structure of witchcraft history,sha-ping itself“an epic with high morality”and representing people’s efforts to understand the world in a digital and reasonable way. From sign to divination,all these showed people to persuade beneficence and punish the vice. In Tso Chuan,historical materials were recompiled with prophetic history of witchcraft,filing texts ac-cording to moral cause and being judged by moral causation values. And it conducted the vital influence upon later literary text.