Investigation of metal oxide dielectrics for non-volatile floating gate and resistance switching memory applications.

摘要

Floating gate transistor based flash memories have seen more than a decade of continuous growth as the prominent non-volatile memory technology. However, the recent trends indicate that the scaling of flash memory is expected to saturate in the near future. Several alternative technologies are being considered for the replacement of flash in the near future. The basic motivation for this work is to investigate the material properties of metal oxide based high-k dielectrics for potential applications in floating gate and resistance switching memory applications. This dissertation can be divided into two main sections. In the first section, the tunneling characteristics of the SiO2/HfO 2 stacks were investigated. Previous theoretical studies for thin SiO 2/ thick high-k stacks predict an increase in tunneling current in the high-bias regime (better programming) and a decrease in the low-bias regime (better retention) in comparison to pure SiO2 of same equivalent oxide thickness (EOT). However, our studies indicated that the performance improvement in SiO2/HfO2 stacks with thick HfO2 layer is difficult due to significant amount of charge traps in thick HfO2 layers. Oxygen anneal on the stacks did not improve the programming current and retention. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) studies indicated that this was due to formation of an interfacial oxide layer. The second part of the dissertation deals with the investigation of resistive switching in metal oxides. Although promising, practical applications of resistive random access memories (RRAM) require addressing several issues including high forming voltage, large operating currents and reliability. We first investigated resistive switching in HfTiOx nanolaminate with conventional TiN electrodes. The forming-free switching observed in the structures could be described by the quantum point contact model. The modelling results indicated that the forming-free characteristics can be due to a higher number of filaments in comparison to a device that requires forming. Forming-free resistive switching with low current operation in graphene-insulator-graphene structures was also investigated. Electrical as well as Raman and XPS analysis indicated that low current operation is due to the migration and subsequent physisorption of oxygen ions on the graphene surface during the set operation. A statistical model was also developed for quantitative prediction of the effect of noise on RRAM characteristics.