The Pombaline style and international neoclassicism in Lisbon and Rio de Janeiro.

摘要

Neoclassicism emerged in Lisbon after the earthquake of 1755 and was disseminated to Rio de Janeiro through the work of the Swedish military engineer Jacob Funck (1715-1788) and Portuguese military engineers trained at the Lisbon Academia Militar. The "Pombaline style," which was created by the Portuguese Prime Minister Pombal and his engineers in their rebuilding of the capital, was the Portuguese adaptation of the French military engineering tradition of Vauban and Belidor to the reconstruction needs of Lisbon and the modernization priorities of Pombal. The Lisbon style was transmitted to Rio after 1767 by Funck's adjutant Francisco Roscio (ca. 1740-1805) and the artist Valentim da Fonseca e Silva (ca. 1750-1813). There it was transformed under the impact of Funck, mid-century European neoclassicism, and Portuguese and Brazilian decorative traditions into a Luso-Brazilian variety of international neoclassical architecture that served Portuguese imperial interests in Rio. The Swede Funck was the first exponent of international neoclassicism in Rio. His extension of Rio's arsenal (1770) illustrates his application of the principles of rational planning and the Laugian ideal of trabeated structure. His first fountain project for the Largo do Paco (1780) is related to the Stockholm fountain projects of his Swedish contemporary J. E. Carlberg. His second fountain recalls the Tower of the Winds in Athens, which was illustrated in Stuart and Revett's The Antiquities of Athens (1762). The two masterpieces of international neoclassicism in Rio, Roscio's facade of the Church of the Candelaria (1775-1811) and Valentim's Largo do Paco fountain (begun 1789) illustrate the assimilation of a variety of European forms and ideas. The Candelaria facade reflects Roscio's adaptation, in Brazilian materials, of the neoclassical ideals of trabeated structure and decorative elegance. The Largo do Paco fountain, a rustically-rendered chateau d'eau topped by a pyramid, shows the influence of Funck's fountain designs and the project by the French artist M. L. Jolivet for an "obelisk a la Grec" to honor Pombal in Lisbon.