Patulin's effect on the growth and development of wheat.

摘要

The amount of farmland that is managed using conservation tillage is increasing. This is primarily due to its impact on soil and water conservation and the current policy of the government. One problem associated with conservation tillage management is the presence of phytotoxic chemicals produced by microbes that use the crop residue as an energy source. One of these phytotoxins is patulin.; Patulin is a mycotoxin that is produced by a number of species, primarily in the genera of Penicillium and Aspergillus, that has been shown to reduce seedling growth rate, morphological development, and final grain yield in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Genetic differences among 88 different cultivars of spring and winter wheats for seedling growth rates in response to patulin imbibition were detected. Over all winter wheat lines tested, patulin concentrations of 20, 40, and 60 mg L{dollar}sp{lcub}-1{rcub}{dollar} reduced 7 d seedling growth rates 11, 16, and 20%, respectively. A wide range in varietal response for both winter and spring wheat cultivars was observed. Experiments in both growth chamber and greenhouse conditions indicated that repeatability under a range of light and temperature conditions is possible.; Grain yields of wheat treated with patulin for 7 d at the seedling stage were reduced by 16% in the greenhouse and 22% under field conditions. No-till cropping management or using wheat straw as a mulch reduced grain yields an average of 33%. In addition to significantly reducing stands, patulin reduced tiller number, seeds per spike, and seed weight. Several cultivars, including 'Victory' and 'Pioneer 2375' suffered reduction in some, but not all yield components and through yield component compensation did not suffer any significant yield losses. Significant cultivar by patulin treatment interactions were present for most of the experiments involving grain yield.; In general, correlations were low involving the seedling assay tests and final grain yield under no-till or patulin treated conditions in the field. However, a rank correlation using data from several experiments did indicate that seedling assays provide an indication of a cultivars response to no-till or heavy residue plantings in continuous wheat.