Perceptions of Japanese advertising: A Q-methodological study of advertising practitioners in Japan.

摘要

Previously, studies of advertising in Japan have been conducted using content analysis, with little attention to attitudes about advertising and advertising strategy. This study examines perceptions of changes in Japanese advertising among advertising professionals in Japan, probing advertising issues that have not previously been scientifically explored.;A review of the existing literature about advertising in Japan and interviews with professionals at advertising agencies in Japan yielded four primary dimensions that appear to be affecting advertising in Japan. These dimensions are, the "soft sell" or comparatively more emotional appeal of Japanese advertisements, which contrasts with more attribute-oriented or "hard sell" Western advertising; advertising strategy issues, which focus primarily on the intent of advertising in Japan; economic issues, which address changes in the Japanese distribution system and other economic issues that directly affect advertising; and cultural factors that affect advertising in Japan, which include differences in customs, mores, and language.;Q-methodology was used to isolate different types of advertising professionals in Japan. Thirty-four advertising executives were asked to sort forty statements regarding advertising strategy in Japan and the United States. Each of the statements involved one of the four factors that appear to be shaping advertising in Japan.;Three distinct types of advertising professionals emerged. The Establishment Type, comprised exclusively of Japanese advertising executives, contends that the advertising climate in Japan is similar to that in the West. He sees minor changes in advertising in Japan, but not dramatic changes precipitated by difficult economic times. The Emigrant Type, comprised exclusively of advertising professionals from the United States, Great Britain and Australia, sees advertising as an extension of the competitive marketplace but believes that cultural factors preclude major change in the advertising climate in Japan. The Change Agent Type, which includes both Japanese and Western professionals, foresees dramatic change in advertising in Japan, precipitated by difficult economic times and fierce competition.;Conclusions and implications of these findings are discussed.