A finite element groundwater flow model analysis of the glacial stratigraphy of the Greater Toronto Area.

摘要

The Greater Toronto Area is the most rapidly urbanizing region in Canada. A key concern in the area is the long-term viability of groundwater resources under increased demand. The sustainable exploitation of these resources is limited by an evident lack of knowledge about deep groundwater flow.;WATFLOW/3D, a 3D finite element groundwater flow code, was selected for the flow analysis. Point water level data, kriged heads and stream gauge measurements were used to calibrate the numerical model which has been solved for steady state. The model accurately predicts hydraulic heads and baseflow quantities throughout the region verifying hydrogeologic parameters and recharge estimates derived by previous studies. Bedrock topography was determined to be a primary control on deep groundwater flow while aquifer thickness plays an important secondary role.;The results of the work have important implications for future development in the region, particularly the management and protection of groundwater resources.