The present study examines Japanese women's use of reactive tokens (Clancy et al. 1996) in Japanese face-to-face conversation and perception of other's listening behavior in relation to the social variables of age and conversation styles (formal and informal). Reactive tokens (RTs) examined in the present study are 8 verbal RTs such as backchannels, reactive expressions, and laughter and 1 non-verbal RTs, nods.; The investigation is based on a quantitative analysis of formal and informal conversation data from 30 participants and qualitative data of participant interview. The perception is examined based on the ratings of 5 different listening behaviors in videos and interview. The findings show that the use of RTs was influenced by age and conversation styles but that perception does not vary according to age.; Age influences the proportion of nods and verbal RTs in the formal conversation. The younger participants use more nods and fewer verbal RTs than do older participants when there is difference in power between a speaker and a listener. In the informal conversation, there is not age-graded effect in the use of verbal RTs and nods but 3 common interaction styles by all age groups are identified.; The variation of listening behavior in the present study is explained by 'multidimensional model' (Tannen 1993a) in which 4 social contexts are defined by power and solidarity between participants.; The follow-up interview and the results of perception study revealed that the perception of other's listening behavior may not vary according to perceivers' age. Participants perceived the one which is closest to their own performance in informal conversation most natural in the present study. This confirms Hymes's notion of 'Speech community' (1974) that members of a speech community share norms.; Findings of the present study suggest that nods are used as RTs as a strategy to mitigate face threatening acts (Brown and Levinson 1987). In Japanese women's face-to-face conversation, social variables of age and conversation styles play important roles in the choice of an appropriate listening behavior in the contexts.
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机译：本研究调查了日本女性在日本面对面交谈中对反应性记号的使用（Clancy等，1996），以及与年龄和交谈方式（正式和非正式）的社会变量相关的他人听觉行为的感知。在本研究中检查的反应性标记（RT）是8个言语RT，例如反向通道，反应性表达和笑声，还有1个非语言RT（点头）。该调查基于对30位参与者的正式和非正式对话数据以及参与者访谈的定性数据的定量分析。根据视频和访谈中5种不同听力行为的等级来检查感知。研究结果表明，RTs的使用受年龄和谈话方式的影响，但是感知不会随年龄而变化。年龄会影响正式对话中点头和口头即时消息的比例。当说话者和听者之间的力量不同时，年轻的参与者比老参与者使用更多的点头和更少的言语RT。在非正式对话中，口头RT和点头的使用没有年龄分级的影响，但可以识别出所有年龄段的三种常见交互方式。在本研究中，听力行为的变化由“多维模型”（Tannen 1993a）解释，其中通过参与者之间的力量和团结来定义4个社交情境。后续访谈和知觉研究结果显示，对他人听力行为的知觉可能不会因听者的年龄而异。在本研究中，参与者认为最接近自己在非正式对话中的表现的人是最自然的。这证实了海姆斯的“语音社区”（Speech community）（1974）的观点，即语音社区的成员共享规范。本研究的发现表明，点头被用作逆转录疗法，作为缓解面部威胁行为的一种策略（Brown and Levinson 1987）。在日本女性面对面的谈话中，年龄和谈话方式的社会变量在选择适当的听力行为时起着重要作用。
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