The futures market efficiency of gold, silver and copper.

摘要

Gold, silver, and copper futures market efficiency is examined by looking at whether futures contract prices contain useful information about future spot prices.;The Fama and French (1987) regression approach is applied to test whether the futures price has forecast power on the spot price or if it contains information about the premium to be realized at maturity. The result suggests that the futures price of gold has some forecast power while the futures price of copper contains information about the time-varying premium.;Unit root and co-integration analysis indicates that futures prices and spot prices of gold, silver, and copper are co-integrated at 95% confidence level. This means that the futures contract prices are unbiased predictors of future spot prices. Thus, the efficiency of the gold, silver, and copper futures markets is supported.;The univariate GARCH test finds evidence of conditional time-varying volatility for both futures and spot series. Also, positive asymmetry where positive price shocks are associated with greater volatility increases than negative price shocks is revealed.;As the gold, silver and copper futures contract series and spot series are almost perfectly correlated, naive or 1-1 hedging reduces almost all of the variance and realizes high hedging effectiveness. The strong correlation of futures and spot returns supports the hypothesis that futures markets are efficient.;Keywords: futures; market efficiency; GARCH; hedge effectiveness