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Development of practical implementation methods for road pricing.

机译:开发实用的道路定价实施方法。

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摘要

It is recognized that traffic congestion usually comes out from the socially inefficient choices by individual travelers. To remove or at least to reduce such inefficiency in transportation system, road pricing has long been proposed and advocated by a bunch of economists. Now it further becomes one of the most favorable measures taken by transport policy makers throughout the world. Indeed, significant advance has been made towards better modeling and understanding of the essential mechanism of various road pricing schemes. There, however, still remain some questions around the actual design and implementation. One dilemma often being met is that the travel cost and demand functions are always referred to as the underlying elements in determination of optimal toll levels, but may not be fully available at ease. In practice, even with advanced transport modeling techniques, it is pretty hard to establish all of them.;To overcome this practical difficulty, a novel trial-and-error idea was put forward. It shows us a promising way, but few algorithms have been presented to truly realize it, except for a certain marginal cost pricing problem with unknown demand functions. Therefore, this thesis is focused on the development of practical implementation methods for several typical road pricing schemes including: the first-best pricing scheme, the second-best pricing scheme and the traffic restraint road pricing scheme. The fundamental idea behind the proposed sequential experimental approaches is to adjust toll charges at frequent intervals as traffic patterns changes brought about by price change. Given a set of trial link tolls, the revealed aggregate link flows can be observed easily, and based on the observed link flows, a new set of link tolls can be determined and used for the next trial. Through an iterative toll adjustment procedure, one can expect to identify the efficient toll rates without resort to the inaccessible demand functions. In the case of traffic restraint and pricing schemes, link travel cost functions are also not required. This does allow for traffic planners to estimate or update optimal toll charges easily.;In addition to describing those applicable methods with both theoretical convergence proof and numerical simulation tests, this thesis investigates the maximum efficiency gain of a first-best road pricing scheme as well. In other words, we are able to bound the maximum efficiency loss of any second-best toll patterns being tried in the iterative process. It thus helps us to determine when the sequential experiments could stop since the number of trials in real applications should be very limited. Besides of this, we also attempt to introduce some inexact criterion that allows the observed link flows not necessarily to be exactly in a deterministic user-equilibrium. This relaxed inexact manner reduces the requirement for operating time and resources and thereby makes the developed progressive methods more practical and cost-effective.
机译:公认的是,交通拥堵通常是由于个人旅行者的社会效率低下而引起的。为了消除或至少减少这种运输系统的效率低下,许多经济学家早已提出并提倡道路收费。现在,它进一步成为全世界运输决策者采取的最有利措施之一。确实,在更好地建模和理解各种道路收费计划的基本机制方面,已经取得了重大进展。但是,关于实际设计和实现仍然存在一些问题。经常遇到的一个难题是,在确定最佳通行费水平时,出行成本和需求函数始终被称为基本要素,但可能无法轻松获得。在实践中,即使使用先进的运输建模技术,也很难将它们全部建立起来。为了克服这一实际困难,提出了一种新颖的试错法。它向我们展示了一种有前途的方法,但是很少提出算法来真正实现它,除了某些需求函数未知的边际成本定价问题。因此,本文主要针对几种典型的道路收费方案的实际实施方法的发展,包括:第一最优定价方案,第二最优定价方案和交通约束性道路定价方案。所提出的顺序实验方法背后的基本思想是,随着价格变化带来的交通方式变化,频繁地调整通行费。给定一组试验性的通行费,就可以很容易地观察到所显示的总链路通量,并且基于观察到的链路通量,可以确定一组新的通行费并用于下一次试验。通过反复调整通行费的程序,人们可以期望确定有效通行费率,而无需诉诸不可访问的需求功能。在交通限制和定价方案的情况下,也不需要链接旅行成本函数。这的确使交通规划人员能够轻松地估算或更新最佳收费标准。;除了通过理论收敛证明和数值模拟测试来描述那些适用的方法之外,本文还研究了最佳道路收费方案的最大效率收益。 。换句话说,我们能够限制在迭代过程中尝试的任何次优收费模式的最大效率损失。因此,由于实际应用中的试验次数应非常有限,因此它可以帮助我们确定何时可以停止顺序试验。除此之外,我们还尝试引入一些不精确的标准,该标准允许观察到的链接流不一定精确地处于确定的用户均衡状态。这种放松的不精确方式减少了对操作时间和资源的需求,从而使已开发的渐进方法更加实用和具有成本效益。

著录项

  • 作者

    Xu, Wei.;

  • 作者单位

    Hong Kong University of Science and Technology (Hong Kong).;

  • 授予单位 Hong Kong University of Science and Technology (Hong Kong).;
  • 学科 Civil engineering.
  • 学位 Ph.D.
  • 年度 2006
  • 页码 200 p.
  • 总页数 200
  • 原文格式 PDF
  • 正文语种 eng
  • 中图分类
  • 关键词

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