声明
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
ABSTRACT
摘要
TABLE OF CONTENTS
LIST OF TABLES
LIST OF MAPS
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
INTRODUCTION
Background of the Study
Problem Statement of the Study
Hypothesis
Assumption
Objectives of the Study
Significance of the Study
Research Methodology
Preliminary Theoretical Framework
Dissertation Structure
LITERATURE REVIEW AND THEORETICAL FRAMWORK
1．1Literature Review
1．2Theoretical Framework
1．2．1Introduction
1．2．2Security；Debate between Traditionalists／Positivists and Non-Traditionalists／Post-Positivists
1．2．3Security：Non-Traditionalist／Post-Positivist Perspectives
1．3Proposed Framework for Understanding Pakistan’s Counter-terrorism Strategy
1．3．1Buzan’s Integrated and Holistic Perspective on Security
1．3．2Buzan and Waever’s Concept of “Regional Security Complex”
1．3．3Ayoob’s “Subaltern Realism”
1．4Operationalising the Theoretical Framework in Pakistan’s Counter-terror Strategies
1．5Conclusion
GENSIS AND TRENDS OF EXTREMISM AND TERRORISM IN PAKISTAN(1979-2021)
1．6Introduction
1．7Determinants of Terrorism and Extremism in Pakistan
1．8Genesis and Trends of Terrorism and Extremism in Pakistan
1．8．1Islam as Strategic Asset for National Security
1．8．2Trends in Extremism and Terrorism(1979-2021)
1．9Emergence of Extremism in Pakistan
1．9．1General Zia’s Islamization Program
1．9．2The Soviet Invasion in Kabul(1979)and Involvement of Pakistan in Afghanistan
1．9．3Jihad for Liberation of Kashmir from Indian Rule Since 1989
1．9．4Security Implications of Pakistan’s Kashmir and Afghanistan Policies
1．10Rise of Ethnic Violence and Sectarianism in Pakistan
1．10．1The Decade of Sectarian and Ethnic Conflicts(1990-1999)
1．10．2Sectarian Violence in Post Afghan Jihad Era
1．10．3Ethnic Violence in Karachi
1．11Rise of Terrorism in Pakistan
1．11．1Pre-9／11 Musharraf Domestic and Foreign Policies
1．11．2War on Terror and Rise of Terror in Pakistan(2001-2021)
1．12Conclusion
PAKISTAN’S COUNTER-TERRORISM STRATEGY：MAJOR MILITARY OPERATIONS(2002-2021)
1．13Introduction
1．14Federally Administrated Tribal Area(FATA)
1．15Overview of Major Military Operations(2002-2021)
1．15．1Operation Al-Mizan(The Justice)2002
1．15．2Operation Kalosha 2004
1．15．3Shikai Agreement 2004
1．15．4Sararogha Agreement 2005
1．15．5Operation Silence 2007
1．15．6Operation Rah-e-Haq(2007-2008)
1．15．7Operation Zalzala(Earthquake)2008
1．15．8Operation Sirat-e-Mustaqeem(Right Path)2008
1．15．9Operation Sher-Dil(Lion Heart)2008
1．16A Shift in the Direction of the Military Operation
1．16．1Operation Rah-e-Rast(Just Path)2009
1．16．2Operation Rah-e-Nijat(Path of Salvation)2009
1．16．3Operation Koh-e-Sufaid(White Mountain)2011
1．16．4Operation Zarb-e-Azb(Strike of the Sword)(2014)
1．16．5Operation Radd-ul-Fasaad(Elimination of Strife)2017
1．17Assessment of Pakistan’s Major Military Operations：Effectiveness and Limitations
1．18Conclusion
PAKISTAN’S COUNTER-TERRORISM STRATEGY：NON-MILITARY MEASURES(2002-2021)
1．19Introduction
1．20Overview of Pakistan’s Non-Military Measures
1．20．1Analysis of Peace Agreement
1．20．2Agreement with local Tribes of South Waziristan 2002
1．20．3Shikai Agreement 2004
1．20．4 Agreements with Ahmedzais and Ahmedzai Wazir 2004
1．20．5Sararogha Agreement 2005
1．20．6Miranshah Agreement 2006
1．20．7Bajaur Agreements 2009
1．20．8Malakand Accord 2009
1．21Overview and Implementation of the National Action Plan 2014
1．21．1National Internal Security Policy
1．21．2The 20-Points of the National Action Plan
1．22Implementation of the National Action Plan
1．22．1Reforms in Judicial，and Criminal Justice System
1．22．2Choking Terrorist Financing
1．22．4Curbing Militancy and Averting the Re-emergence of Banned Outfits
1．22．5Activating NACTA，and Counter-Terrorism Force
1．22．6Registration of Religious Seminaries，and Afghan Refugees
1．22．7FATA Reforms，and Baluchistan Reconciliation
1．22．8The Logical Conclusion of Karachi Operation
1．23Assessment of Pakistan’s Non-Military Measures
1．23．1Drafting of National Action Plan
1．23．2Lack of Defined Implementation Mechanism
1．23．3Supervision of National Action Plan
1．23．4No Key Performance Indicators Devised
1．23．5Lack of Uniform Reporting Mechanism
1．24Conclusion
CONVERGENCE AND DIVERGENCE OF REGIONAL PLAYERS OVER PAKISTAN‘S COUNTER-TERRORISM STRATEGIES
1．25Convergence and Divergence of Indian Interests Over Pakistan’S Counter-terrorism Strategies
1．26Divergence of Interests
1．26．1Pakistan’s Asymmetric Warfare in Indian-held Kashmir
1．26．2Pakistan and Asymmetric Warfare in Afghanistan
1．26．3Pakistan Invests in the Kashmir Insurgency
1．26．4Kargil Crisis and the Rise of Domestic Terrorism
1．26．5National Identity，Pakistan，and Terrorism Against India
1．26．6Indian Involvements in Afghanistan and Baluchistan
1．26．7India-Pakistan and Terrorism After 9／11
1．26．8Cross-Border Terrorism：An Irritant in India-Pakistan Relations
1．26．9Mumbai Attack 2008
1．26．10Balakot Surgical Strikes 2016
1．26．11Pulwama Attack 2019
1．27Conclusion
1．28Convergence and Divergence of Afghanistan’s Interests Over Pakistan’s Counter-terrorism Strategies
1．29An Overview of Pakistan’s Foreign Policy towardsAfghanistan from 1947-2021
1．29．1The Shaping of Pakistan’s Policy towards Afghanistan(1947-1979)
1．29．2Pakistan’s Afghan Policy Prior To 9／11(1979-2001)
1．29．3The U-Turn in Pakistan’s Foreign Policy towards Afghanistan after 9／11
1．29．4The Resurgence of Taliban
1．30Areas of Divergence in Afghanistan-Pakistan Relations
1．30．1Legacy of Mistrust
1．30．2The Issue of Durand Line
1．30．3The Pashtunistan Issue
1．30．4Role of Northern Alliance
1．30．5Growing Indian Influence
1．30．6Afghanistan-Pakistan-Indian Complex
1．30．7Al-Qaeda and Taliban Activities
1．30．8Drug Trafficking
1．30．9 Repatriation of Afghan Refugees
1．30．10Influence of External Players
1．31Areas of Convergence between Afghanistan and Pakistan
1．31．1Religious，Cultural，and Linguistic linkages
1．31．2Economic Interdependence
1．31．3Security Interests and Convergence of State Policy
1．31．4 Pak-Afghan Relations and Future Prospects
CONVERGENCE AND DIVERGENCE OF EXTRA-REGIONAL PLAYERS OVER PAKISTAN’S COUNTER-TERRORISM STRATEGIES，AND IMPLICATIONS
1．32Convergence and Divergence of The United States Over the Counter-terrorism Strategies of Pakistan
1．33Divergence of Interests of the U．S．and Pakistan in War on Terror
1．33．1Safe Heavens of Al-Qaeda’s in Pakistan’s Tribal Region
1．33．2The Resurgence of Taliban and Al-Qaeda in Pakistan
1．33．3Taliban’s Cross-Border Militant Activities in Afghanistan
1．33．4Afghanistan-Pakistan-The United States Complex
1．33．5Links of Religious Seminaries in Pakistan with Terrorist Organizations
1．33．6Ineffective Reforms in Religious Seminaries in Pakistan
1．33．7Concerns over Security of Pakistan’s Nuclear Arsenal
1．33．8 Squandered Coalition Support Funds
1．33．9The United States’ Drone Strikes in Pakistan
1．33．10Trust Deficit between U．S．-Pakistan Relations
1．33．11The United States Do More and Pakistan’s Counter-terrorism Strategies
1．34Conclusion
1．35Assessment of the United States and Pakistan Interests regarding Counter-terrorism
1．36Convergence and Divergence of China Over the Counter-terrorism Strategies of Pakistan
1．36．1Post-9／11 Milieu：Dramatic Changes in the South Asian Political Landscape
1．36．2 China’s Concerns regarding Terrorism and Pakistan’s Attitude
1．36．3Pakistan’s Efforts to Address Chinese Concerns
1．36．4China-Pakistan Cooperation to Fight Terrorism
1．36．5China’s Outreach for Positive Image in Muslim World
1．37Conclusion
1．38Implications for the Regional and Extra-Regional Players in South Asia
CONCLUSION
Exploration of Research Questions
Exploration of Hypothesis
Theoretical Implications
BIBLIOGRAPGHY
山东大学;
