声明
论文说明
Acknowledgements
Table of Contents
List of figures
List of tables
摘要
Abstract
List of abbreviations use in this thesis
Chapter 1 Introduction
1．1 Introduction
1．2 Soybean (Glycine max (L．) Merrill)and its utilization
1．3 Aim and objectives of the research
1．4 Research justification
1．4．1 Alleviation of nematode threats to global food security
1．4．2 Mitigation of agricultural greenhouse gasses (AGHG) emissions
1．4．3 An effort to discharge commitment by China to reduce carbon emission
1．4．4 Environmental protection through sustainable management of nematodes
1．4．5 Natural resource development
Chapter 2 Literature review
2．1 Nematode as pests of crops
2．2 Crop yield losses due to soybean cyst nematode (Heterodera glycines Ichinohe 1952)
2．3 Crop yield losses due to root knot nematode (Meloidogyne spp．)
2．4 Utilization of plant materials as organic amendments (OA) in pest and diseases control
2．5 Factors influencing efficacy of plant material organic amendments (OA) in nematodes control
2．5．1 Natural factors affecting control of nematodes using OA．
2．5．2 Anthropogenic factors influencing utilization of plant materials OA in nematode control
Chapter 3 Molecular identification of cysts forming nematode from Taigu，Shanxi Province
3．1 Introduction
3．2 DNA extraction
3．3 Polymemse chain reaction (PCR)，submerge agarose gel electrophoresis (SAGE) and DNA visualization
3．4 DNA purification
3．5 DNA ligation and cloning for vector cells
3．6 Results
3．7 Discussion
3．8 Conclusion
Chapter 4 in-vitro experiments to assess the nematoxic effect of plants materials on nematodes eggs and juvenile
4．1 Introduction
4．2 Materials and methods
4．2．1 Plant materials procurement
4．2．2 Preparation of aqueous extracts of plant materials
4．2．3 Culture and extraction procedures for M．incognita inoculums
4．2．4 Culture and extraction procedures for H．glycines inoculums
4．2．5 Effect of aqueous extracts on egg hatch of H．glycines and M．incognita
4．2．6 Effect of aqueous extracts onsecond stage juvenfles (J2) of H．glycines and M．incognita
4．2．7 Laboratory experiments on effect of solvent extracts on H．glycines
4．3 Statistical analysis
4．4 Results
4．4．1 Results of effect of aqueous extracts on H．glycines egg hatch
4．4．2．Effect of aqueous extracts on H．glycines juvenile (J2) mortality
4．4．3．Effect of aqueous extracts on M．incognita egg hatch
4．4．4．Effect of aqueous extracts on M．incognita juvenile (J2) mortality
Chapter 5 in-vivo quantitative bioassay experiments to determine the effect of the four plant materials on H．glycines adult infecting soybean
5．1 Introduction
5．2 Preparation of soybean test plant
5．3 Bioassay experiments on effect of aqueous extracts on H．glycines and soybean
5．4 Bioassay experiment on effect of solvent extracts on H．glycines and soybean
5．5 Statistical analysis
5．6 Results
5．6．1 Results of effect of extracts on H．glycines and soybean
5．5．Discussion and conclusion
Chapter 6 Field experiments to determine the nematicidal effect of four plant materials on H．glycines population
6．1 Introduction
6．2 Experiment site
6．3 Experimental design
6．4 Cysts extraction from soil and nematodes count
6．5 Statistical analysis
6．6 Results of field experiments
6．61 Effect of the three different quantities of plant material application on nematodes initial population(Pi) for 2011 and 2012 experiments
6．6．2．Effect of the three different quantities of plant material appfication on nematodes final population (Pf) for 2011 and 2012 experiments
6．6．3 Effect of the three different levels of plant material application on H．glycines cysts for 2011 and 2012 experiments
6．6．4 Effect of the three different levels of plant material applicafion on soybean shoot heights and root length for 2011 and 2012 experiments
6．6．5 Effect of the three different levels of plant material application on soybean pod numbers for 2011 and 2012 experiments
6．6．6 Analysis for 2011 experiment on the effect of plant materials on H．glycines in Taigu，Shanxi Province
6．6．7 Analysis for 2011 experiment on the effect of plant materials on soybean growth and yield parameters infected with H．glycines in Taigu，Shanxi Province
6．6．8 Analysis for 2012 experiment on the effect of plant materials on soybean cyst nematodes (Heterodera glycines) in Taigu，Shanxi Province
6．6．9 Analysis for 2012 experiment on the effect of plant materials on soybean growth and yieldparameters infected with soybean cyst nematodes (H．glycines) in Taigu，Shanxi Province
6．6．10 Combine analysis for two years (2011 and 2012) experiments on the effect of plant materials on H．glycines in Taigu，Shanxi Province
6．6．11 Combine analysis for two years (2011 and 2012) experiments on the effect of plant materials on soybean growth and yield parameters infected with H．glycines in Taigu，Shanxi Province
6．7 Discussion
6．8 Conclusion
Chapter 7 Toxic effect of gasses produced by ammonia oxidizing archaea on nematodes
7．1 Introduction
7．2 Materials and methods
7．2．1 Culture of the archaea
7．2．2 Exposure of nematodes to archaea
7．2．3 Electron microscopy
7．2．4 Exposure of mice to archaea gas．
7．3．Results of archaea gas toxicity
7．4 Discussion on archaea toxicity
7．5 Conclusion
8．0 Conclusion
References
Appendix
浙江大学;
