“Nose”和“鼻”多义现象的认知对比研究

摘要

中西方“近取诸身，远取诸物”、“人是万物的尺度”的思想无不说明了人在认知过程中以自我为核心，将自然界人化的倾向。一词多义是一种普遍的语言现象，而人体词的概念是人类认知世界的“元概念”。因此，研究人体词的多义现象，对于揭示英汉民族的认知规律和思维差异具有重要价值。
　　作为人体重要器官，“nose/鼻”在英汉语中被大量使用。本文基于概念隐喻、概念转喻、意象图式等理论，采用对比分析法，深入剖析《汉语大词典》，《英汉大词典》以及英汉语料库(BNC和CCL)中“nose/鼻”的意义和用法。本文的主要研究问题:1）英汉语中“nose/鼻”的语义扩展模式及异同是什么？2）英汉语中“nose/鼻”的隐喻和转喻用法有何异同？3）英汉语中“nose/鼻”概念差异的原因是什么？
　　研究发现:1）“nose/鼻”都是在概念隐喻和概念转喻的作用下，以辐射和连锁结合的模式，从原型义出发衍生词义。但具体扩展路径不同:“nose”的词义扩展更依赖转喻，而“鼻”更依赖隐喻;“nose”的动词义项明显多于“鼻”。2）“nose/鼻”在隐喻和转喻映射中都从鼻子的物理特征和功能中取象。概念隐喻中，首先，“nose”倾向以突出形貌取象，面“鼻”不仅能以突出形貌取象，更能以孔和通道取象，且能在容器图示激活下，生成容器隐喻;其次，“鼻”倾向在中心-边缘图式激活下指向空间、时间等抽象概念域，在部分-整体图式激活下指向语言抽象域，而“nose”则在前-后图式激活下指向实体域。概念转喻中，“nose/鼻”都可指代人、脸、嗅觉、情感等;差异在于“nose”可在转喻作用下指称多种动作，而现代汉语中的“鼻”几乎无此用法。在概念隐转喻中，“nose/鼻”均可指觉察能力。3）因为人类具有相同的身体结构及相似的客观体验，所以英汉语言中存在相似的语言现象。而由于文化背景不同，英汉语中“nose/鼻”出现了不同的语义转移现象。以上发现对外语教学有一定积极意义。

目录

声明

摘要

Abstract

Contents

List of Figures

Chapter One Introduction

1．1 Research Background

1．2 Significance of the Study

1．3 Structure of the Thesis

Chapter Two Literature Review

2．1 Polysemy

2．1．1 Definition of Polysemy

2．1．2 Polysemy and Homonymy

2．2 Previous Studies on Polysemy

2．2．1 Formalistie Approach to Polysemy

2．2．2 Strueturalistic Approach to Polysemy

2．2．3 Cognitive Approach to Polysemy

2．3 Previous Studies on Body-Part Terms

2．3．1 Previous Studies on Body-Part Terms Abroad

2．3．2 Previous Studies on Body-Part Terms at Home

2．4 Summary

Chapter Three Theoretical Framework

3．1 Basic Notions

3．1．1 Categorization

3．1．2 Prototype

3．1．3 Image Schema

3．1．4 Metaphor

3．1．5 Metonymy

3．1．6 Idealized Cognitive Model(ICM)

3．2 Relevant Theories

3．2．1 Conceptual Metaphor Theory

3．2．2 Conceptual Metonymy Theory

3．2．3 Conceptual Metaphtonymy Theory

3．3 Theoretical Framework

3．3．1 Conceptual Metaphor and Metonymy as Theoretical Basis

3．3．2 Metonymical and Metaphorical Extension of Polysemous Body-Part Terms

Chapter Four Research Methodology

4．1 Research Questions

4．2 Sources of Linguistic Data

4．3 Research Method

4．4 Research Procedures

Chapter Five A Comparative Study on Nose in English and Bi in Chinese

5．1 Meaning Extension of Nose in English

5．2 Meaning Extension of Bi in Chinese

5．3 A Cognitive Study on Nose in English

5．3．1 Metaphorical Conceptualization of Nose

5．3．2 Metonymie Conceptualization of Nose

5．3．3 Metaphtonymic Conceptualization of Nose

5．4 A Cognitive Study on Bi in Chinese

5．4．1 Metaphorical Conceptualization of Bi

5．4．2 Metonymic Conceptualization of Bi

5．4．3 Metaphtonymic Conceptualization of Bi

5．5 A Comparative Study on Nose in English and Bi in Chinese

5．5．1 Similarities between Nose in English and Bi in Chinese

5．5．2 Differences between Nose in English and Bi in Chinese

5．5．3 The Reasons for the Similarities between Nose in English and Bi in Chinese

5．5．4 The Reasons for the Differences between Nose in English and Bi in Chinese

Chapter Six Conclusion

6．1 Major Findings

6．2 Pedagogical Implications

6．3 Limitations and Suggestions for Further Studies

Bibliography

Acknowledgements