Interaction Between Socioeconomic Structure and Space Transformation in Inner City of Ningbo

摘要

China, one of the oldest civilizations in the world, has undergone major changes in the last forty years. Since the founding of the People's Republic in 1949, the Chinese government has been struggling to catch up with the rest of the industrialized world by modernizing and rapidly developing the country. All the changes in thinking, culture and living style, which follow the continuity of increasing production and population, make people ask to renew the cities. Since market-oriented economy reform, China has experienced significant changes in urban landscapes and the internal structure of cities. Late 1980's, the pace of urban renewal has been continuously speeded up in most of the cities in China. Since then the traditional environments in many historic quarters are suffering serious destruction and going to lose their characteristics due to negligence and under the pressure of modem urbanization. So, the protection of historic neighborhoods and sustainable development of urban renewal become the focus of all circles attention. Recent studies have provided some insightful understanding into urban changes at a macro-scale, e.g. social and spatial segregation, the division between rural migrants and urban households, changes in land uses. To a lesser extent, urban changes are understood at the microscopic level of the neighborhood. Urban redevelopment has created many new urban landscapes. Meanwhile, traditional old urban areas still constitute a significant proportion of Chinese cities, and normally contain large concentrations of marginal population. Possessing the particular characteristics of long developing history, high population density, and low housing quality, traditional urban areas have also experienced different changes in the post-reform period. Ningbo city has been facing major problems resulting from rapid urban growth. In the last decades, great efforts were made to solve the dramatic housing shortage and to improve the appalling living conditions in overcrowded areas. In 1990, the Ningbo municipal government launched a program for the renewal of the old city center. A series of residential projects has been implemented in traditional neighborhoods since then which have affected the character of the old city and the lives of its residents. So far, very few studies have been conducted to assess the implementation of the renewal This thesis provides an overview of the regeneration projects implemented in the inner-city of Ningbo since 1990. Based on a field survey and 190 questionnaires survey of five traditional urban areas in inner city of Ningbo, this thesis attempts to reveal the built environmental and socio-economic changes which can be partly attributed to different levels of urban redevelopment. More importantly, the study highlights the significance of neighborhood-based social interaction to marginalpopulation. Against the backdrop of massive urban displacement and rapid redevelopment, it is argued that the effect of dismantling neighborhoods could be detrimental to a sustainable urban society and the positive social objectives should be seriously considered in the process of urban redevelopment. Two major findings are unfolded in this study. To re-image the inner city and promote economy growth, tremendous residential displacement and functional transformation are accompanying the redevelopment process. As the local government legitimizes the property-interest-centered reinvestment in the old urban neighborhoods, higher socioeconomic status households replace the lower ones in the redeveloped inner city, and the exchange value of urban space is produced at the cost of old urban neighborhoods' everyday-use value. Meanwhile, the impacts of urban redevelopment on affected residents are uneven according to their socioeconomic status. As the government tries to transfer the process of urban redevelopment into market operation, the affected residents in the redevelopment projects are exposed to the market transition and housing privatization process as do other people since housing reform. Stratification of housing status emerges between residents who successfully adapt to the market transition and those who fail to do so. Nowadays, as planners it's our duty to find the exact way to protect the historical identity, traditional values and social life for our cities while improving the tiving Z environment to meet the needs of modem inhabitants. Chapter six presented an attempt to provide a general framework to determine the appropriate approach of conservation-oriented urban renewal dealing with revitalization of historic urban neighborhoods. The objective of this project is to initiate a discussion on how can we contribute through our professional activities with constructive and positive process of conservation-oriented urban renewal and protect the historic urban neighborhoods. This project doesn't intend to produce a complete set of guidelines for revitalization instead it only attempts to search some way to revitalize dilapidated historic urban neighborhoods through conservation-oriented urban renewal. The project illustrates how the revitalization of West Yuehu Area can take place through conservation- oriented urban renewal. There is an effort to set up the quality demands of West Yuehu Area and to show the importance of a coordinated master plan, to support the decision-making process. Thorough analysis and discussions should arise from it. A final solution cannot be determined since the revitalization of West Yuehu Area continues to be a process. Finally, the main weaknesses of the renewal program are discussed and implication was provided for other cities in China based on the major findings and reviewed literature; suggestions are made for its future urban transformation.

目录

文摘

英文文摘

论文说明：LIST OF FIGURES、LIST OF TABLES

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background

1.2 Research Problems

1.3 Objectives, Questions and Limitations of the Study

1.4 Research Framework and Methodology

CHAPTER TWO THEORETICAL BACKGROUND OF URBAN RENEWAL

2.1 Background

2.2 Urban Renewal Definition

2.3 Historical Development of Urban Renewal

2.3.1 Urban Renewal in Developed Countries and Special Administrative Region

2.3.2 Urban Renewal in Developing Countries

2.4 Main Approaches Relevant to Urban Renewal

2.4.1 Redevelopment

2.4.2 Rehabilitation

2.4.3 Integration

2.5 Factors and Variables Relevant to Urban Renewal

2.5.1 Physical factor

2.5.2 Social Factor

2.5.3 Economical Factor

2.5.4 Urban Identity Factor

2.5.5 Environmental Factor

2.5.6 Cultural Factor

2.6 Summary

CHAPTER THREE URBANIZATION AND URBAN HOUSING PROBLEMS IN CHINA

3.1 Introduction

3.2 Background of Economic Reform and Globalization

3.2.1 Rural Reform

3.2.2 Open Door Policy

3.2.3 Urban Reform

3.3 Urbanization and Urban System Development

3.3.1 The Urban System

3.3.2 Urbanization and the Definition of Urban Population

3.4 China's Urbanization Phases from 1949 to 1999

3.5 The Characteristics of China's Historical Urbanization Process

3.5.1 Urban Policies Controlled Urbanization Process

3.5.2 Gaps between Urbanization and Industrialization from 1949 to 2000

3.5.3 The Rapid Urbanization Regions have Transformed into the Southern and Eastern Coastal Areas

3.6 Urban Housing Problems and Housing Reforms in China

3.6.1 The Work-Unit Housing Phenomenon in the Chinese Housing Reform in 1990s

3.6.2 Housing Reforms Before 1998

3.6.3 The Housing Reform of 1998:Cutting the tie by Introducing New Provisions

3.7 Summary and Discussion

CHAPTER FOUR EXAMINING THE SOCIOECONOMIC OUTCOMES OF URBAN REDEVELOPMENT IN MARKET TRANSITIONAL OF NINGBO CITY

4.1 Introduction

4.2 Literature Review: Western Prospective

4.3 Chinese Traditional Urban Neighborhoods in Transition

4.4 Development of Housing Reform Policy in Urban China

4.5 Research on Ningbo Inner city regeneration

4.5.1 Ningbo Context

4.5.2 The Methodology Involved and Research Questions

4.5.3 Data Collection

4.5.4 Case Studies

CHAPTER FIVE CRITICAL STUDY AND DATA ANALYSIS OF SOCIAL CHANGE IN INNER CITY OF NINGBO

5.1 Introduction

5.2 Trajectories of Neighborhood Change under Urban Redevelopment

5.2.1 Socioeconomic Characteristic

5.2.2 The Characteristics of the Built Environment

5.3 Social Interaction Assessment and the Mean Differences between Five Neighborhoods

5.3.1 Age of Respondent Effects on Social Interaction

5.3.2 Education Level Effects on Social Interaction

5.3.3 Occupation Status Effects on Social Interaction

5.3.4 Household Monthly Income Effects on Social Interaction

5.4 Different Intensity of Social Interaction and Cohesion in the Five Neighborhoods

5.5 Discussion and Conclusion

CHAPTER SIX REVITALIZATION THROUGH CONSERVATION-ORIENTED URBAN RENEWAL FOR WEST YUEHU AREA,NINGBO

6.1 Introduction

6.2 Background of West Yuehu Area

6.2.1 The Site Location and Circumstances

6.2.2 Historical Characteristic of West Yuehu Area

6.3 Conservation-Oriented Urban Renewal for West Yuehu Area

6.4 Planning Principles, Goals and Objectives

6.5 Methodology and Planning Process

6.5.1 Site Investigation and Data Collection

6.5.2 Project Management System (based on GIS)-Data Base Construction and Data Analysis

6.6 Present Situation Analysis

6.6.1 Land Use and Spatial Pattern

6.6.2 Population

6.7 Planning Approaches

6.8 Planning Proposal Description

6.8.1 Spatial Structure

6.8.2 Protection of Historical Neighborhood and Traditional Houses

6.8.3 Protection and Expansion Plan of Tianyi Pavilion

6.8.4 Traffic System

6.8.5 Common Space Design

6.8.6 Greenbelt System and the Characteristic of Space

6.9 Detail Master Plan and Implementation Criteria

6.10 Pilot Project: Selected Area Development Plan

6.11 Practical Considerations

CHAPTER SEVEN COMPARATIVE STUDY BETWEEN U.S.URBAN RENEWAL IN 1950-1960 AND THE CURRENT INNER-CITY REDEVELOPMENT IN CHINA

7.1 Introduction

7.2 Similarities

7.3 Differences

7.3.1 Economic Factor of Cities

7.3.2 The Role of the Governments in Growth Coalition

7.3.3 Civil Society

7.4 Conclusions

CHAPTER EIGHT CONCLUSION

8.1 Major Findings

8.2 Implications and Contribution

8.3 Research Limitations and New Direction for Future

APPENDIX

BIBLIOGRAPHY