声明
Abstract
摘要
Preface
Table of Contents
Abbreviation
Part 1 Background
2.1 Introductions
2.2 Anatomy of lumbar area
2.2.1 Vertebral body
2.2.2 intervertebral disc
2.2.3 Ligaments
2.2.4 Spinal nerve
2.2.5 Other structures
2.3 Function of low back
2.4 Cause of back pain
2.5 Risk factor for low back pain
2.6 Sign and symptoms
2.7 Characteristics of back pain
2.8 Diagnosis for low back pain
2.9 Treatment for low back pain
2.9.1 Conservative treatment for low back pain
2.9.2 Surgical treatment for low back pain
Part 3 The Methodology
3.1 Objective
3.2 Method and Material
3.3 Inclusion and exclusion criteria
3.4 Surgical technique for PTELS
3.5 Result
3.5.1 Outcomes of PTES in above 60 years old patients
3.5.2 Clinical outcome of PTES between lumber disc herniation and lumber spine stenosis
3.6 Discussion
3.7 Conelusion
Acknowledgement
Reference