声明
摘要
Abstract
Contents
List Of Abbreviations
Chapter 1 Introduction
1.1 Multiple Myeloma
1.1.1 About Multiple Myeloma
1.1.2 Pathophysiology of MM
1.2 B cell development and plasma cell differentiation
1.3 ER stress,UPR and apoptosis
1.3.1 ER and ER stress
1.3.2 The unfolded protein response(UPR)
1.3.3 Molecular Chaperones
1.3.4 UPR and apoptosis
1.3.5 UPR and Angiogenesis
1.4 IRE1:General overview
1.4.1 Structure and role in survival signalling pathways
1.5 XBP1:General overview
1.6 IRE1α-XBP1 axis in MM
1.7 Drug development:Drugs affecting IRE1α-XBP1 axis
1.7.1 Proteasome inhibitors
1.7.2 HSP90 inhibitors
1.7.3 HIV protease inhibitors
1.7.4 Brefeldin A(BFA)
1.7.5 GRP78/BiP inhibitors
1.8 Targeting IRE1α-XBP1 axis in MM
1.9 Summary
Hypothesis
Airns
Chapter 2 Materials and Methods
2.1 Cell lines
2.1.1 MM cell lines
2.1.2 Other cell lines
2.2 Cell culture
2.2.1 Maintenance
2.2.2 Freezing
2.2.3 Thawing
2.3 Patient samples
2.4 Drugs and chemicals
2.5 Cellular assays
2.5.1 Determining the cellular growth rate
2.5.2 WST1 cell proliferation assay
2.5.3 Calculation of IC50
2.6 Preparation of nucleic acids
2.6.1 Isolation of RNA from cultured cells
2.6.2 Isolation of high quality RNA
2.6.3 Purification of DNA from agarose gel
2.6.4 Purification of plasmid DNA
2.6.5 Purification of PCR products
2.6.6 Quantification of plasmid and genomic DNA and RNA
2.7 Expression and manipulation of ribonucleic acids
2.7.1 Cloning
2.7.2 Transformation of chemically competent E.coli
2.7.3 Restriction enzyme digestion of plasmid DNA
2.7.4 In vitro transcription reaction
2.7.5 Reverse transcription for Real-time Quantitative PCR mQ-PCR)
2.8 Analysis of nucleic acids
2.8.1 Primer design
2.8.2 Polymerase chain reaction(PCR)
2.8.3 Agarose gel electrophoresis
2.8.4 DNA sequencing reaction
2.8.5 DNA sequencing analysis
2.8.6 RNA 6000 Nano Labchip assay
2.8.7 Gene expression profiling
2.9 Statistical analysis
2.10 Isolation and analysis of proteins from cultured mammalian cells
2.10.1 Whole cell protein isolation
2.10.2 Quantification of protein lysates
2.10.3 SDS polyacrylamide gel eleetrophoresis
2.10.4 Transfer of resolved proteins to polyvinylidene difluoride(PVDF)membrane
2.10.5 Detection of immobilized proteins on PVDF membranes
2.1 1 RNA interference
2.11.1 Gene therapy using lentiviral vectors
2.11.2 Lentivirus production and infection
2.11.3 Transient transfection of packaging cell line
2.11.4 Transduction ofviral supernatants in MM cell lines
2.12 List of primers,shRNAs,antibodies and reagents
Chapter 3 Investigating the clinical impact of XBP1 and IRE1α in MM
3.1 Characterising XBP1 and IRE1α in MM
3.1.1 Expression of IRE1α and XBP1 transcripts in MM
3.1.2 Quantification of XBP1 unspliced and spliced mRNA levels
3.1.3 Correlation of IRE1 with XBP1s/u expression
3.1.4 Mutational analysis of IRE1 and correlation with clinical outcome
3.2 Correlation of XBP1 and IRE1α expression with clinical outcome of patients
3.2.1 Correlation of XBP1s/u ratio with clinical data
3.2.2 Correlation of IRE1 mutational status with clinical data
3.3 Discussion
Chapter 4 Studying the downstream signalling and biology of XBP1 and IRE1α in MM
4.1 Optimising the delivery system for efficient XBP1 KD in MM cell lines
4.2 Absence of functional XBP1 decreases cell proliferation in MM cells
4.2.1 XBP1 KD in MM cell lines
4.2.2 Effects of XBP1 KDs on the survival of MM cell lines
4.3 Effects of IRE1α on MM cell proliferation
4.3.1 IRE1α KD in H929 eell lines
4.3.2 Effects of IRE1α KDs on the proliferation of MM cell lines
4.4 Treatment of known ER stressors to XBP1 and IRE1α-impaired cells increases their sensitivity to cell death
4.4.1 XBP1 KD increases sensitivity of MM cell to known ER stressors
4.4.2 IRE1α KD increases sensitivity of MM cell to known ER stressors
4.5 Discussion
Chapter 5 Drug Development
5.1 Does IRE1α RNase activity depend on its kinase activity and autophosphorylation?Developing an RNase in vitro assay
5.2 Testing of ATP-eompetitive inhibitors in the RNase in vitro assay
5.3 Effects of ATP-competitive inhibitors in vivo
5.3.1 Testing controls
5.3.2 Sunitinib
5.3.3 Sunitinib analogue
5.3.4 Amrinone
5.3.5 Other compounds
5.4 Discussion
Chapter 6 Final Discussion and Conclusion
Future work
References
Review Of Literatures
Acknowledgment