基于语料库的英汉有标假设复句的认知类型学研究

摘要

假设复句一般由两个有假设关系的分句组成，前一个分句假设存在或出现了某种情况，后一个分句说明由这种假设的情况产生的结果。据了解，人类每一种语言都存在“假设”这一概念，尽管其在不同语言里有不同的形式，但这种句式还是广泛存在于每一种语言当中。目前，国内外已经有很多学者从句法，语义，语用以及翻译角度研究过假设复句，但只有部分学者从认知类型学的角度探讨英、汉语假设复句的蕴含共性和优势语序。
　　本文试图找出英汉假设复句的类型学特征并进行人类认知层面的动因解释。理论上，本文以原型范畴理论和顺序象似性原则为框架;方法上，描写与解释相结合，用数据统计分析对英汉假设复句进行跨语言分析。为此，作者从已建好的国内外大型语料库（TIME Magazine Corpus，The Independent Corpus，CCL和CCUC）中检索提取英汉假设复句。在以上四个语料库中，英语语料共计14215个句子，包含5930个带有假设标记的复句;中文语料共计9937个句子，包含4931个带有假设标记的复句。
　　本文对英汉假设复句的研究主要包括三个方面。首先，从三个范畴对英汉假设复句进行分类，分别是逻辑语义分类，句法分类以及标记词分类。第二，基于以上分类，从优势语序以及蕴含共性的角度来考察英汉假设复句。从逻辑语义上看，在我们所考察的语料中，英汉语的假设复句运用都蕴含着真实假设多于虚拟假设，且推断性假设复句最多，反自然性假设复句最少;从句法上看，英汉假设复句都蕴含着假设从句前置，即常式多于变式;从标记词分类上，主要包括两个方面，(1)考察逻辑语义的优势语序:在英语中，反已然假设复句＞反未然假设复句＞推断性假设复句＞比照性假设复句＞反自然假设复句;在汉语中，推断性假设复句＞反已然假设复句＞比照性假设复句＞反自然假设复句＞反未然假设复句;(2)考察标记词的优势语序:在英语中，推断性标记词的优势语序:when＞unless＞ortherwise1＞if1＞if…with;比照性标记词无优势语序，因为只有一个标记词:if2;反已然标记词的优势语序:or＞if3＞but that＞had I＞except that＞but for＞otherwise2;反未然标记词的优势语序:in by chance＞if4＞once＞in case of;反自然标记词的优势语序:if l were/was you…should/could/would+do＞haddone…should/could/would+have done;在汉语中，推断性标记词的优势语序:要是1＞如果1、假如＞假使1;比照性标记词的优势语序:如果2＞如果说＞假使2;反已然标记词的优势语序:否则＞要是2＞要不是1＞假使3;反未然标记词的优势语序:万一＞要不是2＞若不是＞若非;反自然标记词的优势语序:要是3＞要不是3。第三，运用认知理论，主要是原型理论和顺序象似性原则对英汉假设复句的类型学特征进行认知层面的动因解释。
　　通过此研究，不仅可以使语言学习者更好地理解和掌握英汉假设复句的差异，同时也能促进二语习得和对外汉语教学，为语言学研究提供理论支持。

目录

Acknowledgements

摘要

Abstract

Table of Contents

Chapter One Introduction

1．1 Research Motivation

1．2 Research Objective

1．3 Organization of the Thesis

Chapter Two Literature Review

2．1 Definitions of Hypothesis Complex Sentences

2．1．1 The Definition of English Hypothesis Complex Sentences

2．1．2 The Definition of Chinese Hypothesis Complex Sentences

2．2 Linguistic Typology

2．2．1 Definitions of Linguistic Typology

2．2．2 Development of Linguistic Typology

2．2．3 Related Theories of Linguistic Typology

2．3 Cognitive Linguistic Theories

2．3．1 Sequencing-ieonicity

2．3．2 Prototype Theory

2．4 Previous Studies of Hypothesis Complex Sentences

2．5 Summary

Chapter Three Research Methodology

3．1 Research Questions

3．2 Data Collection

3．3 Classifications

3．3．1 Logical Semantic Classifications of English and Chinese Hypothesis Complex Sentences

3．3．2 Syntactic Classifications of English and Chinese Hypothesis Complex Sentences

3．3．3 Markers Classifications of English and Chinese Hypothesis Complex Sentences

3．3．4 Summary

3．4 Research Procedure

Chapter Four Implicational Universals and Priority Sequences of English and Chinese Hypothesis Complex Sentences

4．1 Implicationai Universals of English and Chinese Hypothesis Complex Sentences

4．1．1 Implicational Universals of Logical Semantic Relationships

4．1．2 Implicational Universals of Word Order

4．2 Priority Sequences of English and Chinese Hypothesis Complex Sentences

4．2．1 Priority Sequence of Logical Semantic Meaning in Three Writing Styles

4．2．2 Priority Sequence of Logical Semantic Meaning and Markers of English Hypothesis Complex Sentences

4．2．3 Priority Sequence of Logical Semantic Meaning and Markers of Chinese Hypothesis Complex Sentences

4．3 Summary

Chapter Five Cognitive Analysis of Typological Characteristics of English and Chinese Hypothesis Complex Sentences

5．1．1 Explanation of Implicational Universals of Logical Semantics for English Hypothesis Complex Sentences

5．1．2 Explanation of lmplicational Universals of Logical Semantics for Chinese Hypothesis Complex Sentences

5．2 Prototype Analysis of Implicational Universals of Word Order

5．2．1 Analysis of Word Order between Routine and Variant with Prototype Theory

5．3 Prototype Analysis of Priority Sequence

5．3．1 Prototype Analysis of Priority Sequence for English Hypothesis Complex Sentences

5．3．2 Prototype Analysis of Priority Sequence for Chinese Hypothesis Complex Sentences

5．4 Summary

Chapter Six Conclusion

6．1 Major Findings

6．2 Implication of the Research

6．3 Limitations and Fu rther Research

References

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