Computer codes based on the finite element method (FEM) have been developed to model dual laterolog responses in 3-D environments. Validation of the 3-D FEM codes are carried out by showing that results of the codes agree with those obtained by an analytic solution, 2-D FEM codes, and 3-D hybrid method codes. Using the 3-D FEM codes, dual laterolog responses in highly deviated wells, horizontal wells, dipping anisotropic formations, and fractured carbonate formations are studied.
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