Considerable interest continues specific to nanostructured surface modifications and coatings of biomaterial surfaces to enhance properties for orthopaedic and dental implant devices. Over decades, a focus has been on surface conditions to reduce wear (debris generation) for articulating joint prostheses; and, separately, to increase attachment(s) between devices and tissues (primarily bone). Many compounds and elements have been evaluated in an attempt to obtain a combination of optimal physical, mechanical, chemical, electrical and biological properties. Additionally, time for cost for fabrication and longer term stabilities during in vivo function have been key considerations. Techniques have ranged from ion implantation into the near surface zones (nm) to chemically deposited coatings (hundreds of μm.) In recent years, many of the coatings have included nanostructured conditions and dimensions to further enhance coating and device properties.
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