Possibilities of Multifunctional FACTS Application in the European Electric Power System under the Changing Conditions of the Liberalized Electricity Market

摘要

The new situation of competition in the European electricityrnmarket and the intensified trade activities withrnlarge amounts of energy partly result in additionalrnpower transits and therefore in an increasing capacityrnutilization of the power system. Moreover the expectedrnwind power injections of off-shore wind farms willrncause an increasing demand of net transfer capacity.rnAdditionally, the decreasing influence of independentrntransmission system operators on the optimal powerrninjection pattern and the difficulties in obtaining sufficientlyrnreliable information about the state of neighboringrngrids result in more difficult operation conditions,rnwhich can increase the benefit of FACTS devices in thernEuropean power system.rnFor reaching the range of economic viability, the highrninvestment costs and recurring expenses will demand arnmultifunctional use of series connected FACTS devices.rnThis implies a simultaneous application for flexiblernpower flow control and reactive power compensation asrnwell as dynamic control tasks like power swing dampingrnor even the improvement of first swing stability. Therndifferent demands of these applications require a compromisernaccording to an optimum for the determinationrnof the location, the rating and the control of FACTSrndevices.rnThe implemented controllers need to have a low demandrnof system state information while mastering their dynamicrnand load-flow tasks with the expected accuracyrnand reliability. Considering these extensive requirements,rnglobal planning strategies for the locations andrnthe operational parameters are needed.rnThe introduction of the paper refers to the present andrnestimated future power system utilization under the newrnmarket conditions.rnApart from a summary of actual FACTS applications,rnthe load-flow control potential of FACTS devices forrnparallel flow reduction, enhancement of the net transferrncapacity and handling of the increasing wind powerrninjections are discussed. A systematic planning methodrnfor the determination of favorable FACTS locations tornincrease the net transfer capacity is also presented. Thernresults of the examination of transit scenarios in arnmodel of the European power system and a comparisonrnof suitable reinforcement measures complete the assessmentrnof the load-flow control application.rnThe advantage of FACTS devices in contrast to lessrnexpensive conventional phase shifting transformers isrntheir ability to improve the dynamic behavior of therninterconnected power system. To access this field ofrnapplication, actual studies about power oscillations inrnthe present and future European power system and thernexpected changes in damping and expansion are presented.rnThey lead to a demand of additional dampingrnmeasures.rnFurthermore practicable procedures for the acquisitionrnof accurate and fast dynamic power system models outrnof generalized data with dynamic equivalence methodsrnare presented. Flexible system state assessment andrncontroller development methods with eigenvalues andrnparticipation factors are also taken into account. Therndetermination of favorable FACTS locations for powerrnswing damping in the highly meshed European powerrnsystem is discussed, as well as actual case studies concerningrnsuitable damping measures.rnFinally, general pre-conditions for an economic applicationrnof multifunctional FACTS devices in the Europeanrnpower system are summarized.