Risk management to provide safe drinking water

摘要

For the last 100 years, drinking water utilities in the United States (U.S) have played a major role in protecing public health through the reduction of waterborne disease. For example, in the 1880s for one year, the typhoid death rate was 158 deaths per 100,000 in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, but by 1935, the typhoid death rate had declined to 5 per 100,000 (Clark,et al., 1991). These reductions in waterborne disease outbreaks were brought about by the use of sand filtration, disinfection and the application of drinking water standards.