PROBLEMS OF ECOLOGICAL STANDARDIZATION AND DOSIMETRY OF ACTION OF DIFFERENT FACTORS ON BIOTA OF ECOSYSTEMS

摘要

1. This theory of radiocapacity of ecosystems permits description of regularities of radionuclides distribution for different types of aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems. 2. The scale of dose commitment on ecosystems permits evaluation of the maximum permissible concentrations of radionuclides. The higher these concentrations rise, the more noticeable influence is expected on structure, on biological characteristics and on radiocapacity parameters. 3. Regularities of radionuclide redistributions in different types of ecosystems, which are described by radiocapacity models, permit the definition of maximum permissible releases of radionuclides in particular "compartments" of ecosystems on the basis of ecological standardization. 4. In selected ecosystems (e.g. pond, water-cooling pond, forest) general ecological maximum permissible releases of radionuclides into the ecosystem or its components are determined: a) by initial radionuclide contamination of the ecosystem and its elements; b) by dynamics of redistribution of radionuclides; c) by radiocapacity parameters of the ecosystems. 5. The proposed method of assessment of ecological maximum permissible radionuclide contamination of ecosystems and their components may be used as a theoretical basis for the System of Ecological Standardization of radionuclide releases from NPPs in normal and accidental conditions. 6. It was shown, that in conditions of noticeable effects at a physiological level on ecosystem by factors such as stress, suppression and/or depressing of one species, a predictable decline of ecosystem and changes in the values of the radiocapacity factors and radiocapacity of ecosystem as a whole are necessarily to be expected. 7. The following remarks are to made though: There are the essential concentrations of radionuclides in biota and in bottom sediments (roughly 3.7 * 10~5 Bq l~(-1)) in the ecosystems of 10-km zone of the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant (NPP). Presented here are all sorts of stress-effects (chemical, biological and other nature), capable to provoking releases of radionuclides in environment (in a water, for example). Then the biota radiocapacity of the ecosystem (one or several species) will sharply decrease. It will cause in turn an increase of the content of radionuclides in water, bottom sediments and in biomass of other species of biota. Such a process is capable to continue, down to full ecosystem destruction (the lake Karachay in the Ural is an example). 8. Thus, any effect on ecosystems affecting Tf_i and P_i and other indexes of an ecosystem condition can be reflected as a noticeable change (decreasing or possibly increasing) of F_i (radiocapacity factor) and of the value of radiocapacity. Such a situation will be reflected in a reduction of permissible releases in ecosystem, for example, in the reservoir-cooler of NPP. In this case the initial well-being in ecosystem will be quickly lost. In other words the strategy directed on preservation and/or increase the radiocapacity of ecosystem and the radiocapacity factors of composed biota species of ecosystem is an optimum method of ecological-ethical management of the ecosystems.