Many engineered products are subjected to applied cyclic and static stresses in their designed use. Examples include bearings, transmission shafts, and gas turbine blades/fans. In addition to these operational stresses, the materials often contain residual stresses, cracks, and defects, imparted during the manufacturing process, especially when high temperatures are created by chip formation and friction. Grinding is such a process, where surface and sub-surface damage can result if the process is not adequately controlled.
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