1. Platooning: (1) Very strong interest among many stakeholders - moving forward rapidly; (2) Near-term: L1-L2 platooning, single brand, large fleets; (3) Longer-term: Multi-fleet/multi-brand (ENSEMBLE); (4) Major field trials (both private and public funded) both in Europe and US, close collaboration between key stakeholders (trucking industry, OEMs, tech companies, state governments, enforcement). 2. Stand-alone automation: (1) Today mainly driven by tech companies; (2) Near-term: Low-speed L4 automation (e.g., trailer switching and drayage); (3) Longer-term: L4 highway operations - strongest business case; (4) Now: Operational (revenue-producing) highway operations with test drivers (L2) to validate L4. 3. Start to see more clearly were we are heading.
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